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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Self-Help Support Groups

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Self-help support groups are voluntary, community-based organizations that provide a platform for individuals with shared concerns to exchange support, insights, and practical strategies for coping with life challenges. Typically led by group members or paraprofessionals, these groups form a cornerstone of mental health care, especially in reaching populations that are underserved by traditional healthcare systems.
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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers01:48

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

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Skeletal muscles continuously produce ATP to provide the energy that enables muscle contractions. Skeletal muscle fibers can be categorized into three types based on differences in their contraction speed and how they produce ATP, as well as physical differences related to these factors. Most human muscles contain all three muscle fiber types, albeit in varying proportions.
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Support Reactions01:30

Support Reactions

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A coplanar force system refers to a set of forces that all lie in the same plane and are subject to different reactions between the point of contact and the supports. Understanding how different types of supports affect coplanar forces is crucial for designing safe and reliable structures that can withstand external loads.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Fabrication of 1-D Photonic Crystal Cavity on a Nanofiber Using Femtosecond Laser-induced Ablation
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Photonic crystal fibers supporting fully separated eigenmodes.

Shi Chen, Jian Wang

    Optics Letters
    |June 15, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    We developed novel photonic crystal fibers for high-capacity optical communication. These fibers enable multiple-input multiple-output-free vector eigenmode multiplexing, supporting numerous separated optical modes.

    Area of Science:

    • Optical Engineering
    • Materials Science
    • Telecommunications

    Background:

    • Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) offer unique light-guiding properties.
    • Mode-division multiplexing (MDM) is a key technology for increasing fiber optic capacity.
    • Achieving degeneracy-lifted, well-separated eigenmodes in PCFs is crucial for stable MDM.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design and present two types of solid-core PCF structures.
    • To achieve fully degeneracy-lifted eigenmodes for MIMO-free direct fiber vector eigenmode multiplexing.
    • To optimize effective index separation and confinement loss for broadband operation.

    Main Methods:

    • Investigated solid-core photonic crystal multi-mode fiber designs.
    • Analyzed eigenmode properties, including effective index difference and confinement loss.

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  • Simulated fiber performance across the C+L telecommunication bands (1530-1625 nm).

    • Main Results:

    • One fiber design supports 52 fully separated eigenmodes with an effective index difference > 1.37×10-4 and confinement loss < 3.28×10-5 dB/km.
    • An effective index separation > 10-4 demonstrates polarization-maintaining capabilities.
    • A second fiber design achieves > 1.10×10-3 effective index separation for 24 eigenmodes with confinement loss < 6.68×10-4 dB/km.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed PCF structures are suitable for advanced optical communication systems.
    • High effective index separation is critical for stable, short-reach MDM transmission.
    • These fibers pave the way for higher data rates through advanced multiplexing techniques.