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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Ultrafast Laser Science
    • Nonlinear Optics

    Background:

    • Multi-shot pulse measurement techniques like frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) can produce coherent artifacts (CA) when pulse intensity or phase varies.
    • These coherent artifacts complicate the interpretation of experimental results and pulse characterization.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a novel method for simultaneously retrieving the coherent artifact (CA) and average pulse characteristics from a single FROG trace.
    • To address the challenges posed by significant fluctuations in pulse trains during optical pulse measurements.

    Main Methods:

    • A modified generalized projections algorithm was employed for simultaneous retrieval.
    • Two electric fields were retrieved, with the data constraint updated iteratively.
    • The FROG trace was modeled as the sum of two spectrograms: one for the pulse and one for the CA.
    • A flat-spectral-phase constraint was applied to one field to isolate the CA.

    Main Results:

    • The developed method successfully retrieves both the average pulse characteristics and the coherent artifact from a single FROG trace.
    • Demonstrated the complete retrieval of pulse characteristics from unstable pulse trains.
    • Showcased the ability to disentangle pulse information from measurement artifacts.

    Conclusions:

    • This novel retrieval method enables accurate characterization of laser pulses even in the presence of significant intensity and phase fluctuations.
    • It overcomes the limitations of traditional multi-shot techniques by directly addressing coherent artifacts.
    • The findings significantly advance the field of ultrafast optical pulse measurement and characterization.