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Related Concept Videos

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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase
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Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase

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Replication fork pausing at protein barriers on chromosomes.

Kohji Hizume1, Hiroyuki Araki2,3

  • 1Division of RI Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Saitama Medical University, Japan.

FEBS Letters
|June 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Replication fork pausing at protein barriers is crucial for preventing DNA damage during cell division. Understanding these pauses ensures DNA replication fidelity and genomic stability.

Keywords:
CMG complexDNA polymeraseFob1Polεfork pausingfork protection complexhelicaseprogrammed fork arrestreplication forkreplication fork barrier

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Cell division requires accurate and timely DNA replication to prevent genomic instability.
  • Replication forks must navigate DNA damage and aberrant structures, sometimes using trans-lesion synthesis.
  • Protein barriers at specific chromosomal loci can impede replication fork progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of replication fork pausing at protein barriers.
  • To highlight the importance of replication fork processivity and timely completion of DNA synthesis.
  • To discuss the mechanisms by which protein barriers affect replication.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic techniques
  • Biochemical techniques
  • Review of existing literature on replication fork dynamics and protein barriers

Main Results:

  • Protein barriers block replication fork progression at specific chromosomal sites.
  • These barriers prevent conflicts between replication and transcription machinery.
  • Replicative helicase and DNA polymerase interactions are vital for replication fork pausing.

Conclusions:

  • Replication fork pausing is essential for maintaining genomic integrity.
  • Protein barriers play a critical role in regulating DNA replication.
  • Further research into the components and mechanisms of protein barriers is warranted.