Planning and management of long-standing tracheostomy

Long-term effects of tracheostomy can include structural changes in the anterior tracheal wall and larynx as a result of pressure, friction, and deformation by the relationship between the curved cannula, the trachea, the larynx, and the upper border of the sternum. High-placed stoma, flexed cervical position, and short, obese necks are predisposing anatomic relationships. In some long-standing tracheostomies, progressive erosion of the upper anterior tracheal wall and cricoid arch is observed, often with secondary subglottic stenosis. No discussion of measures to prevent or correct these problems was found in a review of the literature. This article discusses surgical techniques to (1) prevent laryngotracheal erosion and (2) repair and reconstruct an airway that is already damaged. A superiorly based tracheostomy flap and a muscular sling are designed to buttress the tracheostomy. Results and follow-up are also reported.