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Nociception01:44

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
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Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography

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Nociception and the neonatal brain.

Deniz Gursul1, Caroline Hartley1, Rebeccah Slater1

  • 1Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.

Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
|June 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Objective brain activity measures in infants can objectively infer pain perception from noxious events. These methods help assess pain relief from treatments and understand factors influencing infant pain.

Keywords:
AnalgesiaClinical trialsDevelopmentElectroencephalographyElectromyographyEvoked potentialsFacial expressionsMagnetic resonance imagingNear-infrared spectroscopyNeonateNeuroimagingNociceptionPain measurement

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pediatrics
  • Pain Research

Background:

  • Infant pain assessment is crucial for effective care.
  • Objective measures are needed to complement behavioral pain scales.
  • Brain activity offers a direct physiological indicator of pain perception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review methods for measuring brain activity evoked by noxious stimuli in infants.
  • To discuss the application of these measures in evaluating analgesic interventions.
  • To identify factors influencing infant brain responses to pain.

Main Methods:

  • Electroencephalography (EEG) for measuring brain electrical activity.
  • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) for detecting brain metabolism.
  • Other neuroimaging techniques to capture brain responses to pain.

Main Results:

  • Noxious-evoked brain activity provides a reliable surrogate for infant pain perception.
  • These measures can quantify the effectiveness of pain management strategies.
  • Infant pain responses are modulated by factors like age, sex, and health status.

Conclusions:

  • Measuring brain activity is a valuable tool for objective infant pain assessment.
  • This approach aids in optimizing pain relief interventions for infants.
  • Understanding modulating factors is key to accurately interpreting infant pain signals.