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Van der Waals Interactions

Van der Waals Interactions

Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. The intermolecular forces between neutral atoms and molecules are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, and dispersion forces, collectively known as van der Waals forces.

Van der Waals Equation

Van der Waals Equation

The ideal gas law is an approximation that works well at high temperatures and low pressures. The van der Waals equation of state (named after the Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals, 1837−1923) improves it by considering two factors.
First, the attractive forces between molecules, which are stronger at higher densities and reduce the pressure, are considered by adding to the pressure a term equal to the square of the molar density multiplied by a positive coefficient a. Second, the volume...

Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation

Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation

Thus far, the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, has been applied to a variety of different types of problems, ranging from reaction stoichiometry and empirical and molecular formula problems to determining the density and molar mass of a gas. However, the behavior of a gas is often non-ideal, meaning that the observed relationships between its pressure, volume, and temperature are not accurately described by the gas laws.

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.

Noncovalent Attractions in Biomolecules

Noncovalent Attractions in Biomolecules

Noncovalent attractions are associations within and between molecules that influence the shape and structural stability of complexes. These interactions differ from covalent bonding in that they do not involve sharing of electrons.
Four types of noncovalent interactions are hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions.
Hydrogen bonding results from the electrostatic attraction of a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a strong-electronegative atom like oxygen,...

Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Residue-Free Fabrication of van der Waals Heterostructures of Two-Dimensional Materials

Residue-Free Fabrication of van der Waals Heterostructures of Two-Dimensional Materials

Published on: July 18, 2025

Multiferroicity in atomic van der Waals heterostructures.

Cheng Gong¹, Eun Mi Kim², Yuan Wang^1,3

¹Nano-scale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC), 3112 Etcheverry Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.

Nature Communications

|June 16, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

We introduce novel two-dimensional heterostructure multiferroics by layering ferromagnetic chromium telluride and ferroelectric indium selenide. This design enables all-atomic multiferroicity, paving the way for advanced spintronics and magnetoelectric devices.

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Probe Type II Band Alignment in One-Dimensional Van Der Waals Heterostructures Using First-Principles Calculations

Published on: October 12, 2019

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Last Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Residue-Free Fabrication of van der Waals Heterostructures of Two-Dimensional Materials

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Published on: July 18, 2025

Fabricating van der Waals Heterostructures with Precise Rotational Alignment

Fabricating van der Waals Heterostructures with Precise Rotational Alignment

Published on: July 5, 2019

Probe Type II Band Alignment in One-Dimensional Van Der Waals Heterostructures Using First-Principles Calculations

Probe Type II Band Alignment in One-Dimensional Van Der Waals Heterostructures Using First-Principles Calculations

Published on: October 12, 2019

Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Multiferroic materials, exhibiting simultaneous ferromagnetic and ferroelectric properties, are crucial for advanced applications in spintronics and magnetoelectric devices.
Challenges in single-phase multiferroics and nanocomposites necessitate novel approaches for achieving robust multiferroicity.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and investigate two-dimensional (2D) heterostructure multiferroics by stacking ferromagnetic Cr2Ge2Te6 and ferroelectric In2Se3 atomic layers.
To achieve all-atomic multiferroicity and explore its potential for next-generation electronic applications.

Main Methods:

Utilizing first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Investigating the magnetoelectric coupling and proximity effects in the designed Cr2Ge2Te6/In2Se3 heterostructure.

Main Results:

Demonstrated all-atomic multiferroicity in the van der Waals heterostructure.
Observed switching of Cr2Ge2Te6 magnetism upon reversal of In2Se3 polarization.
Indium selenide layer exhibited switchable magnetic semiconductor behavior due to proximity effects.

Conclusions:

The proposed 2D heterostructure offers a novel platform for low-dimensional magnetoelectric physics.
The observed multiferroic duality enables potential applications in logic devices and advanced spintronics.
Van der Waals heterostructures represent a promising avenue for designing artificial superlattices with tailored multiferroic properties.