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Related Concept Videos

Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Nuclear Power02:36

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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
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Nuclear Fusion02:45

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Production of Synthetic Nuclear Melt Glass
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Functions of Nuclear Polyphosphoinositides.

Manuel Olazabal-Morán1, Ana González-García1, Ana C Carrera2

  • 1Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain.

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|June 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phosphoinositides (PtdIns) regulate DNA responses in the cell nucleus, impacting gene expression. Understanding these nuclear roles is crucial for developing phosphoinositide-directed therapies, especially those targeting phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K).

Keywords:
Chromatin remodelingGene expressionLipid transport proteinsNuclear lipidsNuclear phosphoinositidePI3,4,5P3PI3KPI4,5P2Phosphoinositide transport proteins

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Phosphoinositides (PtdIns) are key signaling molecules primarily studied for their roles at the plasma membrane.
  • Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) are important therapeutic targets for controlling PtdIns levels in various diseases.
  • Emerging evidence highlights a significant, yet less understood, role for PtdIns within the cell nucleus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the newly identified nuclear functions of PtdIns in regulating DNA responses and gene expression.
  • To emphasize the importance of considering nuclear PtdIns activities in the context of therapeutic strategies targeting PI3K.
  • To focus on specific PtdIns, namely PtdIns(4,5)di-phosphate (PI4,5P2) and PtdIns(3,4,5)tri-phosphate (PI3,4,5P3), as key players in these nuclear processes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of recent research findings.
  • Analysis of studies investigating PtdIns involvement in nuclear processes.
  • Focus on biochemical pathways involving PI4,5P2 and PI3,4,5P3.

Main Results:

  • PtdIns utilize diverse mechanisms to modulate DNA responses within the cell nucleus.
  • Nuclear PtdIns signaling pathways represent a novel layer of gene expression control.
  • PI3K activity influences the levels of nuclear PI4,5P2 and PI3,4,5P3, impacting DNA-related functions.

Conclusions:

  • The nuclear functions of PtdIns in gene expression are critical and should be considered in therapeutic development.
  • Targeting PI3K requires a comprehensive understanding of both plasma membrane and nuclear PtdIns signaling.
  • Further research into nuclear phosphoinositide biology is warranted for advancing disease treatment strategies.