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Related Concept Videos

Position and Displacement01:31

Position and Displacement

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The position of an object defines its location relative to a convenient frame of reference at any particular time. A frame of reference is an arbitrary set of axes from which the position and motion of an object are described. Earth is often used as a frame of reference, and we often describe the position of an object as it relates to stationary objects on Earth. For example, a rocket launch could be described in terms of the position of the rocket with respect to Earth as a whole. On the other...
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Displacement Current01:19

Displacement Current

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Ampère's law, in its usual form, does not work in places where the current changes with time and is not steady. Thus, Maxwell suggested including an additional contribution, called the displacement current, Id, to the real conduction current I.
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Position and Displacement Vectors01:00

Position and Displacement Vectors

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To describe the motion of an object, one should first be able to describe its position (where it is at any particular time). More precisely, the position needs to be specified relative to a convenient frame of reference. A frame of reference is an arbitrary set of axes from which the position and motion of an object are described. Earth is often used as a frame of reference to describe the position of an object in relation to stationary objects on Earth.
Further, several important kinds of...
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Significance of Displacement Current01:27

Significance of Displacement Current

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A displacement current is analogous to a real current in Ampère's law, participating in Ampère's law the same way as the usual conduction current. However, it is produced by a changing electric field. Displacement current is defined in terms of a time-varying electric field, and also has an associated displacement current density. By adding a term accounting for displacement current, Maxwell modified the existing Ampère's law, which is now called generalized Ampère's law.
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Angular Velocity and Displacement01:08

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Uniform circular motion is motion in a circle at a constant speed. Although this is the simplest case of rotational motion, it is very useful for many situations and is used to introduce rotational variables. When a particle is moving in a circle, the coordinate system is fixed and serves as a frame of reference to define the particle’s position. Its position vector from the origin of the circle to the particle sweeps out the angle θ, which increases in the counterclockwise direction...
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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Preparation of Cell Extracts by Cryogrinding in an Automated Freezer Mill
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Cell extraction automation in single cell surgery using the displacement method.

Christopher Yee Wong1, James K Mills2

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S, Canada. cywong@mie.utoronto.ca.

Biomedical Microdevices
|June 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Automated micromanipulation successfully extracts single cells from embryos using computer vision and robotic systems. This breakthrough paves the way for precise, automated single cell surgery procedures.

Keywords:
Assisted reproductive technologiesComputer visionEmbryo biopsyMicromanipulationin vitro fertilization

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Robotics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Micromanipulation requires high precision for in vitro cell handling.
  • Extracting cells from early-stage embryos is a delicate procedure.
  • Current methods are manual and prone to error.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and demonstrate automated methods for single cell extraction and retrieval.
  • To utilize the displacement method for automated cell extraction.
  • To advance towards fully automated single cell surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Employing computer-controlled syringe pumps and micromanipulators.
  • Developing custom computer vision algorithms for cell detection and guidance.
  • Implementing the displacement method for cell extraction and retrieval.

Main Results:

  • Achieved automated extraction of one to two blastomeres from cleavage-stage embryos.
  • Demonstrated success rates between 72% and 88% for displacement, detection, and retrieval tasks.
  • Confirmed the feasibility of automated single cell extraction.

Conclusions:

  • Automated single cell extraction using the displacement method is feasible.
  • The developed methods provide tools for future automated cell surgery.
  • Further improvements are possible to optimize the automated extraction process.