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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal System01:26

Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal System

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The human digestive system is an intricate and essential network for nutrient absorption and waste elimination. It encompasses the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and several accessory organs.
Here's a detailed walkthrough of this complex system:
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Histology of the Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract01:20

Histology of the Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

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The GI tract, from beginning to end, is made up of four continuous tissue layers that adjust their structure according to their specific roles. These layers, from innermost to outermost, are known as the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa, which are continuous with the mesentery.
The mucosa is sometimes called a mucous membrane due to its mucus-secreting features. This membrane is composed of epithelium, which directly interacts with ingested substances, and the lamina propria, a layer...
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Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders01:20

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Gastrointestinal or GI motility disorders are characterized by irregular gastrointestinal tract movements, disrupting food transit from the mouth to the anus. They are caused by damage or dysfunction in gut muscles or nerves. These disorders can cause symptoms such as severe constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and swallowing difficulties. Disorders can affect any segment of the GI tract and range widely in severity, from common conditions like GERD to life-threatening conditions like...
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Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System I: Ingestion and Propulsion01:22

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The physiology of the gastrointestinal system begins with ingestion as food enters the mouth.
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Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System II: Digestion and Absorption01:22

Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System II: Digestion and Absorption

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The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, extending from the mouth to the anus, plays a pivotal role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. This process involves both mechanical and chemical actions facilitated by various enzymes.
Digestion begins in the mouth, where food undergoes mechanical breakdown by chewing and combines with saliva. Salivary amylase, an enzyme in saliva, starts the breakdown of starches into maltose. The food then travels down the esophagus to the stomach.
In the stomach, a...
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Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System III: Elimination01:26

Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System III: Elimination

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The gastrointestinal elimination process involves a complex interplay of neural and hormonal mechanisms that coordinate the final waste removal from the body. This intricate operation encompasses the absorption of water and electrolytes, vital for transforming the remaining indigestible food matter into feces. The large intestine is pivotal in water and electrolyte absorption, forming feces from unabsorbed minerals, undigested food, bacteria, bile pigments, and shed epithelial cells. Essential...
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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Multifocal Electroretinograms
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Multifocal Gastrointestinal Melanoma.

Stergios Kouvaras1, Theodore Rokkas2, Helen Goga3

  • 1Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Athens, Greece. stergioskouvaras@gmail.com.

Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases : JGLD
|June 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary mucosal melanoma, a rare and aggressive cancer, can occur in the gastrointestinal tract. This case study shows successful treatment of stomach and small intestine melanoma with surgery and immunotherapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastrointestinal oncology
  • Surgical oncology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Primary mucosal melanoma is rare.
  • It has a worse prognosis than cutaneous melanoma.
  • Gastrointestinal involvement is uncommon.

Observation:

  • A patient presented with primary melanoma of the stomach and small intestine.
  • The diagnosis was confirmed histopathologically.
  • The patient had no evidence of cutaneous melanoma.

Findings:

  • Radical surgical excision was performed.
  • Adjuvant ipilimumab therapy was administered.
  • The patient achieved a good outcome with no recurrence at follow-up.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the possibility of successful management of primary gastrointestinal mucosal melanoma.
  • Radical surgery combined with immunotherapy may offer a viable treatment strategy.
  • Further research into optimal adjuvant therapies for this rare malignancy is warranted.