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Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...
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Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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Measuring Progressive Neurological Disability in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis
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Cognitive functions and disability progression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A longitudinal study.

Eyal Heled1,2, Roy Aloni1,3, Anat Achiron3,4

  • 1Department of Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.

Applied Neuropsychology. Adult
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Cognitive decline in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) varies by age and sex. Information processing speed (IPS) is key for predicting clinical decline over time.

Keywords:
Cognitive abilitiesexpanded disabilities status scaleinformation processing speedrelapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Neurology
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Longitudinal studies on cognition and clinical decline in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) yield inconsistent results.
  • The influence of age and sex on these associations requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the longitudinal relationships between cognitive function, demographic characteristics (age, sex), and clinical decline in RRMS.
  • To identify cognitive domains and demographic factors influencing disease progression.

Main Methods:

  • 183 RRMS patients underwent neuropsychological testing and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) assessment at two time points.
  • Participants were stratified by age (<29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-60) and sex.
  • Longitudinal analysis considered assessment intervals of 2-3, 4-5, and 6-8 years.

Main Results:

  • Cognitive function correlated negatively with EDSS score but not disease duration.
  • Younger men (<29) and women (<39) showed inverse cognitive-clinical correlations.
  • Executive functions, attention, and information processing speed (IPS) declined longitudinally.
  • IPS predicted EDSS at 4-5 years; IPS and visuo-spatial ability predicted EDSS at 6-8 years.

Conclusions:

  • The relationship between cognition and clinical status in RRMS is inconsistent across age and sex groups.
  • Longitudinal cognitive deterioration is partially evident, with IPS being a sensitive predictor of future clinical status.
  • IPS and visuo-spatial abilities are important indicators of clinical progression in RRMS.