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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Production and Visualization of Bacterial Spheroplasts and Protoplasts to Characterize Antimicrobial Peptide Localization
Published on: August 11, 2018
Two-component systems regulate ABC transporters in antimicrobial peptide production, immunity and resistance
Ashfaq Ahmad1, Sidra Majaz1, Faisal Nouroz1
1Department of Bioinformatics, Hazara University, Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan.
Abstract:
Bacteria offer resistance to a broad range of antibiotics by activating their export channels of ATP-binding cassette transporters. These transporters perform a central role in vital processes of self-immunity, antibiotic transport and resistance. The majority of ATP-binding cassette transporters are capable of detecting the presence of antibiotics in an external vicinity and are tightly regulated by two-component systems. The presence of an extracellular loop and an adjacent location of both the transporter and two-component system offers serious assistance to induce a quick and specific response against antibiotics. Both systems have demonstrated their ability of sensing such agents, however, the exact mechanism is not yet fully established. This review highlighted the three key functions of antibiotic resistance, transport and self-immunity of ATP-binding cassette transporters and an adjacent two-component regulatory system.
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