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Related Concept Videos

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints01:03

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Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints.
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All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture. The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face. In...
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
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A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...
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Joints01:26

Joints

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Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
Structural joint classifications are based on the material that makes up the joint as well as whether or not the joint contains a space between the bones. Joints are structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.
Fibrous Joints Are Immovable
The bones of a...
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Work Done on a System by External Force01:11

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The work done by an external force on a particle changes its kinetic energy. However, internal forces must also be considered for a system of interacting particles. The potential energy formulation helps formulate the effect of internal forces. The net work done by an external force can be written in terms of the total change of mechanical energy, which includes both kinetic and potential energies.
In the presence of a non-conservative opposing force, like friction, some part of the work done...
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Introduction to Joints00:58

Introduction to Joints

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The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no...
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Conducting the Joint External Evaluation in Uganda: The Process and Lessons Learned.

Joshua Kayiwa1, Juliet-Namuga Kasule1, Alex-Riolexus Ario1

  • 1Joshua Kayiwa, MS, is an Information Analyst; Milton-Makoba Wetaka is a Laboratory Specialist; Simon Kyazze, MS, is a GIS Specialist; and Issa Makumbi, MS, is a Director; all in the Public Health Emergency Operations Center, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda. Juliet-Namuga Kasule, MS, is a Public Health Specialist; Jaco Homsy, MS, is a Director; Vance Brown, MS, is Deputy Director of Operations; and Bao-Ping Zhu, PhD, is Resident Advisor; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kampala. Alex-Riolexus Ario, PhD, is the Director, Institute of Public Health; Benard Lubwama, MS, is an Epidemiologist, Epidemiology and Surveillance Division; Dativa Aliddeki, MS, is a Fellow, Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program; Atek Kagirita, MS, is Assistant Commissioner, Public Health Laboratory Services; Benard Opar, MS, is Manager, Uganda National Expanded Program on Immunization; Paul Okware, MS, is Chief Stores and Operations Officer, National Medical Stores; Patrick Tusiime, MS, is Commissioner, National Diseases Control; and Henry Mwebesa, MS, is Director of General Health Services; all in the Ministry of Health, Kampala. Steven Sendagire, MS, is Senior Resident Mentor, Health Policy Planning and Management, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala. Innocent Komakech, MS, is Emergency Preparedness Focal Person, World Health Organization, Kampala. Paul Okot, MS, is Emergency Response Manager, Red Cross Society of Uganda, Kampala. David Matseketse, MS, is Emergency Preparedness Officer, United Nations Children's Fund, Kampala. The views expressed in this article are the authors' own, and not the official position of the Uganda Ministry of Health, the Uganda Country offices of the World Health Organization, the United States Agency for International Development, or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or any other institutions herein quoted.

Health Security
|June 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Uganda assessed its Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) compliance using the WHO

Keywords:
Global health securityInternational Health RegulationsJoint External EvaluationNational Action Plan for Health SecurityPublic health emergencyUganda

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Area of Science:

  • Global Health Security
  • Public Health Policy
  • International Health Regulations

Background:

  • Uganda is implementing the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA).
  • The International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005) guide global health security efforts.
  • A Joint External Evaluation (JEE) by the WHO assesses compliance progress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the process and lessons learned from Uganda's JEE.
  • To evaluate Uganda's progress toward IHR (2005) compliance.
  • To inform the National Action Plan for Health Security.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a whole-of-government in-country self-assessment.
  • Utilized the WHO's JEE tool for both assessments.
  • Involved 203 subject matter experts from 81 institutions in the self-assessment.
  • A final assessment was performed by 15 external evaluators.

Main Results:

  • Discrepancies were found in 27 out of 50 indicators between self-assessment and final evaluation.
  • Prioritized gaps identified through the JEE.
  • The JEE findings informed the National Action Plan for Health Security.

Conclusions:

  • Subject matter experts require thorough orientation on JEE scoring.
  • Sustained whole-of-government representation is crucial throughout the JEE process.
  • Equitable multisectoral implementation of IHR activities is essential.
  • Over-reliance on external support can jeopardize GHSA sustainability.