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Related Concept Videos

Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

867
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
867
Soundness of Cement01:17

Soundness of Cement

546
The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
546
Portland Cement01:21

Portland Cement

641
Portland cement is the essential binding ingredient in concrete, made from finely ground materials including lime, iron, silica, and alumina. Lime is derived primarily from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays, which also supply iron and alumina, while silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Contemporary manufacturing of Portland cement is a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions, prompting research into reducing its content in concrete through alternative...
641
Fineness of Cement01:15

Fineness of Cement

487
The fineness of cement directly influences the rate of hydration, as the hydration begins at the surface of the cement particles. In addition to hydration, the fineness of cement is vital for various properties of concrete including workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. The fineness of cement is represented in terms of the specific surface of cement which is typically measured in square meters per kilogram, with several methods available for this determination.
Direct...
487
Strength of Cement01:20

Strength of Cement

476
Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in...
476
Types of Cement I01:21

Types of Cement I

363
Portland cement comes in several types, each with distinct properties and applications based on their chemical composition and hydration characteristics:
Type I (Ordinary Portland Cement) is widely used for general construction where special properties are not required. It has moderate sulfate resistance and heat of hydration.
Type II (Modified Cement) offers moderate resistance to sulfate attack and a lower rate of heat development compared to Type I. It is suitable for structures in...
363

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Adjustable Stiffness, External Fixator for the Rat Femur Osteotomy and Segmental Bone Defect Models
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Adjustable Stiffness, External Fixator for the Rat Femur Osteotomy and Segmental Bone Defect Models

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Early Changes in Cement-Bone Fixation Using a Novel Rat Knee Replacement Model.

Kenneth A Mann1, Mark A Miller1, Richard L Amendola1

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.

Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society
|June 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Trabecular bone resorption occurs at the cement-bone interface in knee replacements. This study found significant loss of viable bone, indicating it does not remodel, which is crucial for understanding implant fixation.

Keywords:
cementfixationknee replacementovariectomypreclinical model

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Using a Knee Arthrometer to Evaluate Tissue-specific Contributions to Knee Flexion Contracture in the Rat
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Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedic Research
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Skeletal Biology

Background:

  • Trabecular resorption at cement-bone interfaces is observed in retrieved knee replacements.
  • The viability and remodeling capacity of this interdigitated bone are unknown.
  • Understanding bone loss mechanisms is critical for implant longevity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the fate and cellular changes of interdigitated bone at the cement-bone interface in a rat knee replacement model.
  • To determine if this bone undergoes remodeling or experiences resorption over time.
  • To compare these changes between ovariectomy (OVX) and Sham OVX groups.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a Sprague-Dawley rat knee replacement model with an interdigitated cement-bone interface.
  • Analyzed morphological and cellular changes at 0, 2, 6, and 12 weeks post-surgery.
  • Utilized ovariectomy (OVX) and Sham OVX treatments to assess hormonal influences.
  • Quantified interdigitated bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and tissue mineral density.
  • Assessed bone viability using osteocyte lacunae counts and fluorochrome labels.

Main Results:

  • Interdigitated bone volume fraction increased over time in both Sham OVX and OVX groups, but at a higher rate in Sham OVX rats.
  • Trabecular resorption initiated at the cement border, involving osteoclasts.
  • Substantial loss of viable bone was observed, with ~80% empty osteocyte lacunae.
  • Pre-surgical fluorochrome labels persisted, indicating a lack of bone remodeling.
  • Surface mineralization occurred initially but diminished over time.

Conclusions:

  • The interdigitated bone at the cement-bone interface in knee replacements experiences significant resorption and loss of viability.
  • This bone does not appear to remodel, suggesting it is a static component.
  • Findings highlight the importance of understanding the fate of this bone to prevent implant loosening and improve fixation strategies.