Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

7.4K
Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of...
7.4K
Limiting Reactant02:27

Limiting Reactant

69.5K
The relative amounts of reactants and products represented in a balanced chemical equation are often referred to as stoichiometric amounts. However, in reality, the reactants are not always present in the stoichiometric amounts indicated by the balanced equation.
69.5K
The Number e as a Limit01:29

The Number e as a Limit

72
The number e is a fundamental constant in calculus, playing a central role in describing continuous change, particularly exponential growth. It is most naturally defined through its relationship with the natural logarithm, which is the inverse of the exponential function with base e. This relationship allows e to be characterized using basic principles of differentiation rather than as an arbitrary numerical constant.A key property of the natural logarithm function, ln x, is that its derivative...
72
Central Limit Theorem01:14

Central Limit Theorem

19.6K
The central limit theorem, abbreviated as clt, is one of the most powerful and useful ideas in all of statistics. The central limit theorem for sample means says that if you repeatedly draw samples of a given size and calculate their means, and create a histogram of those means, then the resulting histogram will tend to have an approximate normal bell shape. In other words, as sample sizes increase, the distribution of means follows the normal distribution more closely.
The sample size, n, that...
19.6K
Limits to Natural Selection01:38

Limits to Natural Selection

34.2K
Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
34.2K
Limits on Trigonometric Functions01:25

Limits on Trigonometric Functions

57
Limits on Trigonometric FunctionsThe limits of trigonometric functions play a fundamental role in calculus, particularly in defining derivatives. One of the most important results is:which is important for differentiating trigonometric functions and is widely applied in mathematical analysis and physics.Geometric IntuitionA common approach to proving this result involves analyzing a sector of a unit circle with an angle subtended at the center. Since the arc length is numerically equal to the...
57

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

In vitro pharmacological profile of the TSH receptor-stimulating autoantibodies, M22 and K1-18.

Biochemical pharmacology·2026
Same author

De novo design of miniproteins targeting GPCRs.

Nature·2026
Same author

Altered Intracellular Trafficking as a Mechanism for Prolonged Duration of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Activation.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Conformational Dynamics of Amylin Receptors Revealed by Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Dynamics of the PAC1 receptor in apo, peptide agonist-bound, and G protein complexed states.

Structure (London, England : 1993)·2026
Same author

In vivo functional profiling and structural characterization of the human <i>GLP1R</i> A316T variant.

Science advances·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Lighting Up the Pathways to Caspase Activation Using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation
08:47

Lighting Up the Pathways to Caspase Activation Using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation

Published on: March 5, 2018

9.4K

Light-activated chimeric GPCRs: limitations and opportunities.

Alexandra-Madelaine Tichy1, Elliot J Gerrard2, Patrick M Sexton3

  • 1Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.

Current Opinion in Structural Biology
|June 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Optically activated G protein-coupled receptors (OptoXRs) precisely control cell signaling using light. Future OptoXRs will leverage structural biology and photoreceptor advances for enhanced GPCR manipulation.

More Related Videos

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
10:29

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Published on: January 3, 2025

2.4K
Generating Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos by Transplantation
21:01

Generating Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos by Transplantation

Published on: July 17, 2009

21.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Lighting Up the Pathways to Caspase Activation Using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation
08:47

Lighting Up the Pathways to Caspase Activation Using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation

Published on: March 5, 2018

9.4K
Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
10:29

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Published on: January 3, 2025

2.4K
Generating Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos by Transplantation
21:01

Generating Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos by Transplantation

Published on: July 17, 2009

21.8K

Area of Science:

  • Optogenetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Signaling

Background:

  • Light-activated chimeric G protein-coupled receptors (OptoXRs) enable precise control over cellular signaling pathways with light.
  • Existing OptoXR tools have been successfully used in neuroscience and developmental biology, including restoring vision in rodent models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically revisit and improve the design of OptoXRs by incorporating recent advances in structural biology and GPCR function.
  • To explore the potential of next-generation OptoXRs for highly accurate and precise manipulation of GPCR signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Development of OptoXRs by integrating sensitive photoreceptor domains and diverse signaling modules.
  • Leveraging high-resolution GPCR structures and functional understanding for rational OptoXR design.
  • Exploring diverse photoreceptor components to expand OptoXR capabilities.

Main Results:

  • OptoXRs offer high spatial and temporal precision in eliciting cell signaling responses.
  • Advancements in photoreceptor sensitivity and signaling modules have enhanced OptoXR functionality.
  • New structural and functional insights into GPCRs provide a basis for improved OptoXR design.

Conclusions:

  • Next-generation OptoXRs are poised to offer unprecedented accuracy and precision in manipulating GPCR signaling.
  • The integration of structural biology, receptor function, and photoreceptor diversity will drive future OptoXR development.