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Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

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Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
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Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base03:55

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Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:
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Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base02:28

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

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Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Strong Acid/Strong Base
A titration is carried out for 25.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl (strong acid) with 0.100 M of a strong base NaOH. The pH at different volumes of added base solution can be calculated as follows:
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Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution02:45

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A buffer can prevent a sudden drop or increase in the pH of a solution after the addition of a strong acid or base up to its buffering capacity; however, such addition of a strong acid or base does result in the slight pH change of the solution. The small pH change can be calculated by determining the resulting change in the concentration of buffer components, i.e., a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. The concentrations obtained using these stoichiometric calculations can be used...
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Stress and Mental Health01:30

Stress and Mental Health

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Chronic stress profoundly affects mental health, significantly influencing mood, behavior, and overall quality of life. Research closely links chronic stress with mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Ongoing exposure to stress can lead to physiological and psychological changes, initiating a cycle of emotional distress and maladaptive coping mechanisms.
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Calculating the Equilibrium Constant02:46

Calculating the Equilibrium Constant

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The equilibrium constant for a reaction is calculated from the equilibrium concentrations (or pressures) of its reactants and products. If these concentrations are known, the calculation simply involves their substitution into the Kc expression.
For example, gaseous nitrogen dioxide forms dinitrogen tetroxide according to this equation:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)
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Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)

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Training on Abacus-Based Mental Calculation Enhances Visuospatial Working Memory in Children.

Chunjie Wang1,2, Tianyong Xu1, Fengji Geng3

  • 1Bio-X Laboratory, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|June 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Abacus-based mental calculation (AMC) training improved children's arithmetic and visuospatial working memory (VSWM). This training led to increased brain activation in frontal, parietal, and occipital areas, with the right middle frontal gyrus mediating the transfer effect.

Keywords:
abacus-based mental calculationbrain plasticitycognitive trainingmediation effectvisuospatial working memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Educational Psychology

Background:

  • Abacus-based mental calculation (AMC) utilizes visuospatial strategies, potentially engaging visuospatial working memory (VSWM).
  • The impact of long-term AMC training on VSWM and its neural underpinnings in children remains largely unexplored.
  • Understanding brain plasticity in working memory is crucial for cognitive development research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of sustained AMC training on children's VSWM.
  • To identify the neural correlates associated with AMC training and VSWM performance.
  • To explore the mediating role of specific brain regions in the transfer of AMC skills to VSWM.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study involving 144 primary school children assigned to AMC training or a control group for 5 years.
  • Behavioral assessments included arithmetic tests, a VSWM task, and Raven's Intelligence Test.
  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine brain activation during the VSWM task in a subset of participants.

Main Results:

  • Children in the AMC group demonstrated significantly better performance on arithmetic and VSWM tasks compared to the control group.
  • fMRI data revealed greater activation in frontal, parietal, and occipital regions in the AMC group during the VSWM task.
  • Activation in the right middle frontal gyrus significantly mediated the relationship between arithmetic ability and VSWM performance in the AMC group.

Conclusions:

  • Long-term AMC training enhances both arithmetic skills and VSWM in children.
  • AMC training induces neuroplastic changes, particularly in frontal, parietal, and occipital brain areas.
  • The right middle frontal gyrus may serve as a key neural substrate for the cognitive transfer observed from AMC to VSWM.