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Related Concept Videos

Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation01:13

Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation

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Insufficient sleep refers to not getting the recommended amount of sleep for optimal functioning, even if it's just slightly less than needed. Sleep insufficiency may occur due to lifestyle choices, such as staying up late for social events or work, resulting in routinely getting less sleep than required. For example, consistently sleeping 6 hours when the body needs 7-9 hours can lead to cumulative effects on health and well-being.
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Stages of Sleep01:22

Stages of Sleep

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Sleep progresses through distinct stages, each characterized by specific brain wave patterns and physiological responses ranging from wakefulness to stages of non-rapid eye movement, known as non-REM, to rapid eye movement, referred to as REM. Understanding these stages helps in recognizing how sleep supports various bodily and cognitive functions.
Before sleep begins, in wakefulness, the brain exhibits primarily beta waves, which are high in frequency and low in amplitude, indicating alertness...
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Understanding Sleep01:11

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Sleep, an essential biological state, involves significant reductions in physical activity, sensory awareness, and interaction with the environment. This complex physiological process is primarily regulated by specific brain regions, notably the hypothalamus and pons, which govern the sleep-wake cycle or circadian rhythm.
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Sleep Apnea01:21

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Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
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Sleepwalking and Sleep Talking01:17

Sleepwalking and Sleep Talking

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Somnambulism, commonly known as sleepwalking, involves individuals engaging in activities ranging from simple walking to more complex behaviors such as driving. Sleepwalking typically occurs during the slow-wave sleep stages 3 and 4 early in the night when the person is not dreaming, contradicting the myth that sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams.
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Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep01:24

Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep

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Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Bioluminescence Imaging to Detect Late Stage Infection of African Trypanosomiasis
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Update on human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness).

Peter G E Kennedy1

  • 1Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK. Peter.Kennedy@glasgow.ac.uk.

Journal of Neurology
|June 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, is a fatal parasitic disease transmitted by tsetse flies. Recent developments show reduced incidence, new diagnostic tools, and improved treatments for this neglected tropical disease.

Keywords:
CNSDiagnostic stagingHuman African trypanosomiasisParasiteSleeping sicknessSub-Saharan AfricaTsetse fly

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Entomology
  • Parasitology
  • Tropical Medicine

Background:

  • Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, is a neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma parasites.
  • Transmitted by tsetse flies, HAT affects 70 million people in sub-Saharan Africa and is often fatal if untreated.
  • Understanding recent advancements is crucial for controlling this devastating disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a concise overview of recent significant developments in Human African trypanosomiasis.
  • To highlight progress in disease control, diagnosis, and treatment strategies.
  • To summarize key findings in parasite reservoirs, disease outcomes, and neuropathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on Human African trypanosomiasis.
  • Synthesis of data on disease incidence, transmission dynamics, and epidemiological trends.
  • Analysis of emerging diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • A notable reduction in HAT incidence has been observed.
  • New human parasite reservoir sites have been identified.
  • Advances include novel diagnostic methods, improved treatments, and insights into neuropathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Recent developments offer promising strategies for HAT control and management.
  • Continued research and implementation of new interventions are vital.
  • Addressing HAT requires a multi-faceted approach focusing on diagnostics, treatment, and understanding transmission.