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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
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Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
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Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

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Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Software-Assisted Quantitative Measurement of Osteoarthritic Subchondral Bone Thickness
08:52

Software-Assisted Quantitative Measurement of Osteoarthritic Subchondral Bone Thickness

Published on: March 18, 2022

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Subchondral bone remodelling in osteoarthritis.

Simon Donell1

  • 1University of East Anglia, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences - Norwich Medical School, UK.

EFORT Open Reviews
|June 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Subchondral bone remodelling, a key part of osteoarthritis, involves sclerosis and osteophytes due to abnormal mechanical stress. Early bone marrow lesions on MRI can heal if loads are corrected, preventing further joint damage.

Keywords:
bone remodellingosteoarthritissubchondral

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 23, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedics
  • Rheumatology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Subchondral bone remodelling is integral to osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis.
  • Abnormal mechanical stresses trigger cellular responses to microfractures in subchondral bone and the osteochondral junction.
  • Bone marrow lesions detected by MRI are an early indicator of OA, potentially reversible with load correction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of current understanding of subchondral bone remodelling in OA.
  • To elucidate the role of subchondral bone changes in OA pathogenesis.
  • To inform orthopaedic surgeons on the role of surgical management in OA.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on subchondral bone remodelling in osteoarthritis.
  • Analysis of the cellular and biomolecular responses to mechanical stress and microfractures.
  • Discussion of imaging findings (plain radiography, MRI) and their implications.

Main Results:

  • Subchondral sclerosis and osteophyte formation are hallmarks of OA, driven by mechanical stress.
  • Microfractures and cartilage damage allow synovial fluid and cytokines to penetrate subchondral bone, exacerbating pathological effects.
  • Persistence of abnormal loads can lead to delayed union or nonunion bone responses.

Conclusions:

  • Subchondral bone remodelling is a dynamic process in OA, influenced by mechanical factors and cellular responses.
  • Understanding these remodelling processes is crucial for developing effective OA management strategies.
  • Surgical interventions may target the abnormal mechanical stresses contributing to subchondral bone pathology.