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Related Concept Videos

Control Volume and System Representations01:16

Control Volume and System Representations

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Two key frameworks are employed to analyze mass, energy, and momentum transfer: the control volume approach and the system approach. These frameworks offer different perspectives, depending on whether the focus is on a specific region in space (control volume approach) or a defined mass of fluid (system approach).
The control volume approach considers a stationary region in space through which fluid flows. This region is bounded by a control surface.  For instance, in the case of water...
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Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development01:30

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Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
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State Space Representation01:27

State Space Representation

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The frequency-domain technique, commonly used in analyzing and designing feedback control systems, is effective for linear, time-invariant systems. However, it falls short when dealing with nonlinear, time-varying, and multiple-input multiple-output systems. The time-domain or state-space approach addresses these limitations by utilizing state variables to construct simultaneous, first-order differential equations, known as state equations, for an nth-order system.
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Analyzing two sinusoidal voltages with equal amplitude and period but different phases on an oscilloscope, an instrument used to display and analyze waveforms, involves a three-step process.
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Vector Representation of Complex Numbers01:16

Vector Representation of Complex Numbers

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Complex numbers, represented in Cartesian coordinates, can also be visualized as vectors. These vectors can be expressed in polar form, emphasizing their magnitude and angle. When a complex number is input into a function, the output is another complex number, highlighting the function's zero point from which the vector representation can originate.
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Schemas01:42

Schemas

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A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
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Author Spotlight: Exploring Sex-Specific Glial Signatures and Therapeutic Leads for Alzheimer's Disease
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Gender Representation at Neurological Surgery Conferences.

Nicole Silva1, Samantha Cerasiello2, Alexa Semonche3

  • 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.

World Neurosurgery
|June 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Women remain underrepresented at neurosurgical society conferences, with limited participation as speakers and moderators. This disparity persisted from 2014-2018, mirroring broader gender inequities in academic neurosurgery.

Keywords:
ConferencesGender disparityGender gapGender representationNeurological surgery conferencesNeurosurgeryWomen in neurosurgery

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Medical Education
  • Gender Studies in Medicine

Background:

  • Women represent a small fraction (9.2%) of academic neurosurgeons.
  • Previous research indicates women face disadvantages in funding and career advancement in academic medicine.
  • This study investigates the underrepresentation of women at neurosurgical society conferences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the representation of women in speaker, moderator, and leadership roles at major neurosurgical conferences.
  • To identify gender disparities in participation across different positions and societies.
  • To analyze trends in female participation over a five-year period.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of programs from the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS), American Association of Neurological Surgery (AANS), and North American Skull Base Society (NASBS) from 2014-2018.
  • Collection of demographic data including gender for all identified roles.
  • Statistical analysis (chi-squared) to compare gender representation.

Main Results:

  • No female presidents or honored guests were identified in the analyzed meetings.
  • Women comprised a minority of speakers (<16.6%) and moderators (<23.0%) across all societies.
  • Executive committees were predominantly male (53.8%), and conference panels were frequently all-male (20.7%-61%).
  • A statistically significant disparity in male and female participation was observed (P=0.002).
  • Female participation did not significantly increase during the study period, and unique female contributors were often repeated.

Conclusions:

  • Underrepresentation of women in national neurosurgical conferences from 2014-2018 mirrored or exceeded existing gender disparities in academic neurosurgery.
  • Potential causes and strategies for addressing these inequities were discussed.