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Related Concept Videos

Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy01:37

Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy

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Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (SRFM) provides a better resolution than conventional fluorescence microscopy by reducing the point spread function (PSF). PSF is the light intensity distribution from a point that causes it to appear blurred. Due to PSF, each fluorescing point appears bigger than its actual size, and it is the PSF interference of nearby fluorophores that causes the blurred image. Various approaches to achieving higher resolution through SRFM have recently been...
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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In chromatography, a solute moves through a chromatographic column and tends to spread, forming a Gaussian-shaped band. The longer the solute spends in the column, the broader the band becomes. The broadening can lead to overlaps within the column, affecting separation effectiveness.
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Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, the presence of certain functional groups on a molecule will make them hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each...
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Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are pivotal to multicellularity and the coordinated functioning of tissues and organ systems. They enable physical interactions between cells and provide mechanical strength to tissues. They also function as receptors for signal transmission across the plasma membrane. The CAMs are broadly classified into four families - integrins, cadherins, selectins, and immunoglobulin-like CAMs (IgCAMs).
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A racemic mixture, or racemate, is an equimolar mixture of enantiomers of a molecule that can be separated using their unique interaction with chiral molecules or media. Racemic mixtures are denoted by the (±)- prefix. This ‘optical rotation descriptor’ applies to the whole solution of a racemic mixture rather than a specific stereoisomer. Enantiomers typically have the same physical and chemical properties. Hence, they are not easily separable. However, enantiomers can exhibit...
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Test Samples for Optimizing STORM Super-Resolution Microscopy
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Functional super-resolution microscopy of the cell.

Rui Yan1, Bowen Wang1, Ke Xu1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.

Current Opinion in Chemical Biology
|June 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Functional super-resolution microscopy adds functional data, like pH and molecule concentrations, to nanoscale imaging. This technique reveals cellular microenvironment heterogeneities with high resolution and sensitivity.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Microscopy
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy achieves ~10 nm spatial resolution, significantly impacting cell biology.
  • Existing methods primarily provide structural information about cellular components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and discuss functional super-resolution microscopy.
  • To highlight the potential of encoding functional information into super-resolution signals.
  • To explore new avenues for studying intracellular microenvironments.

Main Methods:

  • Encoding functional information (pH, small-molecule concentrations, polarity, protein activity) into super-resolution signals.
  • Utilizing diverse dimensions of the super-resolution signal for data encoding.
  • Developing a class of approaches termed functional super-resolution microscopy.

Main Results:

  • Functional super-resolution microscopy integrates rich functional data with high spatial resolution.
  • The approach enables the study of local heterogeneities within live cells.
  • Sensitivity extends down to the single-molecule level.

Conclusions:

  • Functional super-resolution microscopy offers a powerful new toolkit beyond structural imaging.
  • It provides unprecedented insights into the dynamic and heterogeneous nature of intracellular environments.
  • This advancement promises to deepen our understanding of cellular processes at the nanoscale.