Normal and oblique droplet impingement dynamics on moving dry walls

Industrial applications that depend on jetting-based technology, such as painting or additive layered manufacturing, involve sequential deposition of droplets onto a moving surface. Spreading and receding dynamics of these impinging drops depend on the momentum transferred by the moving wall to the droplet liquid, which in turn governs the geometric precision and surface finish of the printed outcome. In this work, the impingement dynamics of microdroplets on a flat, smooth, and moving solid surface is computed using a phase-field-based lattice Boltzmann method. Moreover, the motion of the three-phase moving contact line is captured using a geometry-based contact angle formulation. First, we investigate the influence of various process and materials parameters such as wall velocity, droplet viscosity, surface tension, and wettability on the impact behavior of drops. The surface wettability significantly affects the droplet morphology; an elongated tail like structure forms on the rear end of the droplet which becomes sharper as the moving surface becomes more hydrophobic. Furthermore, we examine the underlying flow physics of the symmetry breaking during the spreading and recoiling phases. For a given contact angle, an increase in wall velocity is found to expedite droplet spreading. In addition, for the first time we explore the oblique droplet impingement dynamics on moving dry walls in this work. It is observed that wall momentum affects the structure of the leading edge during the inline impact situations, whereas the moving surface controls the delay in flow reversal inside the droplet for opposing impact scenarios.