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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.
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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
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Pressure in warm and hot dense matter using the average-atom model.

Gérald Faussurier1, Christophe Blancard1

  • 1CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France.

Physical Review. E
|June 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study presents simple formulas for pressure in warm and hot dense matter using the average-atom model. The new approach shows excellent agreement with experimental data and advanced simulations.

Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Computational Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Understanding the behavior of matter under extreme conditions, such as warm and hot dense matter, is crucial for various scientific and technological applications.
  • The average-atom model provides a simplified yet effective framework for studying the properties of such matter.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and present new expressions for pressure within the average-atom model for warm and hot dense matter.
  • To provide simple, implementable formulas suitable for computational codes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the stress-tensor approach to derive pressure expressions.
  • Considered both nonrelativistic and relativistic cases within the average-atom model framework.
  • Compared the derived formulas against experimental data and results from quantum molecular dynamics and path integral Monte Carlo simulations.

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Main Results:

  • Developed straightforward formulas for calculating pressure in warm and hot dense matter using the average-atom model.
  • Demonstrated excellent agreement between the derived pressure expressions and experimental data for various elements in the warm dense matter regime.
  • Validated the formalism against ab initio simulations for aluminum in both warm and hot dense matter conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The developed average-atom model formalism provides accurate pressure calculations for warm and hot dense matter.
  • The simplicity of the formulas facilitates their integration into existing computational codes for further research.
  • The approach is broadly applicable, showing good agreement across different elements and simulation methods.