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Insulin Resistance in Children

Veronica Maria Tagi1, Cosimo Giannini1, Francesco Chiarelli1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|June 20, 2019
PubMed

Insights

Insulin resistance (IR) in children, linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome, increases type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk. Early diagnosis and lifestyle interventions are crucial for prevention.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Insulin resistance (IR) is closely linked to obesity in children and adolescents.
  • It contributes to metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and elevated cardiovascular risk.
  • Congenital factors, hormonal therapies, and genetic conditions can also impact insulin sensitivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on pediatric IR.
  • To cover congenital IR, pathophysiology, measurement, consequences, and treatment.
  • To emphasize early diagnosis and prevention strategies for T2D.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on pediatric insulin resistance.
  • Focus on physiopathology, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic approaches.
  • Discussion of congenital forms and surrogate markers for IR assessment.

Main Results:

  • Obesity in children is strongly associated with IR and increased risk of T2D and metabolic syndrome.
  • The hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp is the gold standard for IR measurement but is impractical.
  • Lifestyle interventions are primary treatments, with pharmacological options for select cases.

Conclusions:

  • Early identification and intervention for IR in children are essential to prevent T2D and cardiovascular complications.
  • While lifestyle changes are key, understanding various IR causes and treatments is vital.
  • Further research into practical IR assessment and effective interventions is warranted.

Keywords:
HOMA-IRQUICKIWBISIadolescentschildreneuglycemic clampinsulin resistancemetabolic syndrome

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