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Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is considered the primary energy source in cells. However, energy can also be stored in the electrochemical gradient of an ion across the plasma membrane, which is determined by two factors: its chemical and electrical gradients.
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Interfacial electrochemical methods focus on the phenomena occurring at the boundary between an electrode and a solution, as opposed to bulk methods that concentrate on the solution's overall properties. These interfacial methods are classified as either static or dynamic based on the presence of a nonzero current in the electrochemical cell and the consistency of analyte concentrations. Static methods, such as potentiometry, measure the cell's potential without any significant current...
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The electric field and electric potential are related to each other. If the electric field at various points in the region of interest is known, it can be used to calculate the electric potential difference between any two points. Similarly, if the electric potential is known for various points, then it is possible to calculate the electric field.
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When an electric field accelerates a free positive charge, it acquires kinetic energy. This process is analogous to an object being accelerated by a gravitational field as if the charge were going down an electrical hill where its electric potential energy is converted into kinetic energy, although, of course, the sources of the forces are very different. The electrostatic or Coulomb force acting on the positive test charge is conservative, which means that the work done on a test charge is...
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Electric and Electrochemical Microfluidic Devices for Cell Analysis.

Kaoru Hiramoto1, Kosuke Ino2, Yuji Nashimoto2,3

  • 1Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.

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|June 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Electric and electrochemical systems integrated into microfluidic devices enhance cell analysis. This review covers advances in cell manipulation, assays, and component collection for applications from single cells to organs-on-a-chip.

Keywords:
cell analysiscell manipulationelectric deviceselectrochemical devicesmicrofluidic devicesorgans-on-a-chip

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Area of Science:

  • Bioengineering
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Microfluidic devices are essential tools for cell analysis, healthcare, and environmental monitoring.
  • Integrating electric and electrochemical systems into microfluidics enables high-throughput, real-time, and non-invasive cell assays.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in electric and electrochemical systems within microfluidic devices.
  • To explore applications ranging from single-cell analysis to organs-on-a-chip.
  • To highlight future research directions and application prospects in this field.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing microfluidic devices utilizing dielectrophoresis, electrophoresis, and electrowetting-on-a-dielectric for cell manipulation.
  • Reviewing electric and electrochemical assays for cell activity, including chemical activity, oxygen, and glucose consumption.
  • Discussing devices for electric and electrochemical collection of cellular components.

Main Results:

  • Recent progress has been made in combining microfluidics with electrical techniques for sophisticated cell analysis.
  • Applications span diverse areas, including precise cell manipulation, detailed cellular activity monitoring, and component isolation.
  • The integration facilitates advanced studies on single cells, 3D cell cultures, and organ-on-a-chip models.

Conclusions:

  • Electric and electrochemical microfluidic systems offer powerful capabilities for cell analysis and manipulation.
  • These integrated systems are crucial for developing advanced biological assays and mimicking organ functions.
  • The field shows significant promise for future innovations in cell biology, diagnostics, and therapeutic development.