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Related Concept Videos

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Causes of Nonlinearity01:22

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Causes of Nonlinearity

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Nonlinearity in drug pharmacokinetics is caused by various factors influencing how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted. Understanding these nonlinear processes is crucial for predicting drug behavior in the body and optimizing drug dosing regimens.
Nonlinear drug absorption can occur when the process is rate-limited by solubility, carrier-mediated transport systems, or saturation of the presystemic gut wall or hepatic metabolism. For instance, high doses of riboflavin...
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Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Overview01:19

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Nonlinear or dose-dependent pharmacokinetics is a phenomenon that occurs when the pharmacokinetic parameters of certain drugs deviate from linear pharmacokinetics at higher doses. These drugs do not follow the expected first-order kinetics, where the rate of drug elimination is directly proportional to the drug concentration. Instead, they exhibit a nonlinear relationship, which can be attributed to several factors.
Nonlinearity can arise due to the saturation of plasma protein-binding or...
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Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Michaelis-Menten Equation01:18

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Michaelis-Menten Equation

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The Michaelis–Menten equation is a fundamental model for describing capacity-limited kinetics in drug metabolism. It offers insights into the rate of decline of plasma drug concentration Cp over time, with Vmax and KM as pivotal parameters.
Vmax represents the maximum achievable process rate, while KM, known as the Michaelis constant, signifies the drug concentration at which the process rate reaches half its maximum. This relationship between Vmax, KM, and Cp gives rise to three distinct...
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Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Role of Transporters01:27

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Role of Transporters

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A drug's nonlinear kinetics can be influenced by a diverse range of transporter proteins that serve as crucial players in drug distribution. These transporters, found within cells, can enhance or reduce local drug concentrations by facilitating the influx or efflux of drugs. For instance, the expression of xenobiotic transporters can be influenced by factors such as age and gender, potentially impacting the linearity of drug response.
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Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Bioavailability and Protein-Drug Binding01:22

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Bioavailability and Protein-Drug Binding

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When a drug follows nonlinear pharmacokinetics, its bioavailability, the amount of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation, can change with different doses. This is due to the presence of a saturable pathway. The pathway becomes saturated as the drug concentration increases, decreasing the absorption rate. Consequently, the drug's bioavailability may be lower than expected at higher doses.
To quantify the extent of bioavailability, pharmacologists often use a parameter called .
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Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Drug Elimination for IV Bolus Injection00:59

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Drug Elimination for IV Bolus Injection

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In pharmacokinetics, the elimination rate of a drug following a capacity-limited model is primarily controlled by two parameters: Vmax and KM. These parameters are crucial in how the drug behaves inside the body after administration.
Following the administration of a single intravenous (IV) bolus injection, we can determine the concentration of the drug in the plasma at any given time. This calculation is achieved using a specific equation that integrates the values of Vmax and KM.
We can also...
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Tailorable Dynamics in Nonlinear Optical Metasurfaces.

Mengxin Ren1, Wei Cai1, Jingjun Xu1

  • 1The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|June 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metasurfaces enable all-optical control of light, overcoming limitations of traditional materials. These nanoscale devices offer enhanced nonlinearities for faster, more efficient optical switching and data processing.

Keywords:
metasurfacesnonlinearityresonance

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • All-optical control of light is crucial for optical communications and computing.
  • Traditional nonlinear optical materials suffer from bulky size and slow speeds.
  • Weak-light nonlinear optics requires giant nonlinearities at low light intensities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce advances in nonlinear metasurfaces for all-optical light control.
  • To explore metasurfaces as a new framework for weak-light nonlinear dynamics.
  • To discuss the tuning of nonlinearities, transient behaviors, and quantum effects in metasurfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing metasurfaces to enhance light-matter interactions at the nanoscale.
  • Tailoring nonlinear optical properties of metasurfaces.
  • Investigating transient behaviors for ultrafast switching speeds.

Main Results:

  • Metasurfaces provide tailorable nonlinearities, including enhancement and sign reversal.
  • Femtosecond switching speeds are achievable by tailoring metasurface nonlinearities.
  • Quantum effects in metasurfaces impact nonlinear optical properties.

Conclusions:

  • Nonlinear metasurfaces offer a promising platform for advanced all-optical light control.
  • Metasurfaces overcome the limitations of traditional materials in speed and size.
  • This field holds significant potential for future developments in optical technologies.