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Brain Physiological Response and Adaptation During Spaceflight.

Karina Marshall-Goebel1,2, Rahul Damani3, Eric M Bershad3,4

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Spaceflight causes neuro-ocular issues in over half of astronauts. Increased intracranial pressure due to fluid shifts in microgravity is the suspected cause of spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS).

Keywords:
BrainIntracranial pressureMicrogravitySANSSpaceflightSpaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome

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Area of Science:

  • Space medicine
  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Astronauts experience neuro-ocular changes, termed spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS), after long-duration missions.
  • SANS includes optic disc edema, globe flattening, and vision shifts, posing risks to deep space exploration.
  • The exact cause of SANS is unknown, but altered intracranial pressure (ICP) is a leading hypothesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review brain physiology in spaceflight.
  • To explore how spaceflight affects ICP and cranial compliance.
  • To identify factors contributing to SANS development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing spaceflight and ground-based analog research.
  • Analysis of physiological data related to ICP and cranial compliance.
  • Examination of neuro-ocular findings in astronauts.

Main Results:

  • Spaceflight alters fluid distribution, potentially increasing ICP.
  • Loss of hydrostatic pressure gradients in microgravity is implicated.
  • Research suggests a link between ICP changes and SANS development.

Conclusions:

  • Altered ICP due to fluid shifts is a probable cause of SANS.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand SANS pathophysiology.
  • Mitigating ICP changes is crucial for astronaut health during long-duration missions.