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Related Concept Videos

Gap Junctions01:27

Gap Junctions

9.4K
The cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells can exchange small molecules, ions, and secondary messengers via the communication channels which form the gap junctions. These junctions comprise a few hundred to thousands of molecular channels, each made of two halves, called the connexon hemichannel. A connexon is a hexamer of six transmembrane connexin proteins, which assemble radially, thus forming a pore or channel in the center. One connexon hemichannel docks with a corresponding connexon on the...
9.4K
Gap Junctions01:37

Gap Junctions

57.0K
Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between neighboring cells in animals, connecting the cytoplasm between the two, and allowing for the exchange of molecules and ions. They are found in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, mediate numerous functions including cell differentiation and development, and are associated with numerous human diseases, including cardiac and...
57.0K
Relationship with Other Adult Family Members and Siblings01:29

Relationship with Other Adult Family Members and Siblings

177
Other adult family members and siblings play a crucial role in shaping children’s social and emotional development. While parents or primary caregivers are often the central figures in early attachment and socialization, other adults in a child’s life, such as grandparents, aunts, and uncles, can significantly influence developmental outcomes. These influences depend on each adult’s personality and may help compensate when a primary caregiver is emotionally distant or...
177
P-N junction01:11

P-N junction

1.2K
A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...
1.2K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.6K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.6K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

1.5K
Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
1.5K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Cut-loading: A Useful Tool for Examining the Extent of Gap Junction Tracer Coupling Between Retinal Neurons
10:11

Cut-loading: A Useful Tool for Examining the Extent of Gap Junction Tracer Coupling Between Retinal Neurons

Published on: January 12, 2012

15.8K

Sibling astrocytes share preferential coupling via gap junctions.

Yolanda Gutiérrez1, Jorge García-Marques1, Xinhe Liu2

  • 1Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Department, Madrid, Spain.

Glia
|June 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Clonally related astrocytes, or siblings, show preferential functional coupling via gap junctions. This suggests developmental origin influences astrocyte network organization.

Keywords:
IUEastrocytecloneconnectivitycouplingontogeny

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Recording Gap Junction Current from Xenopus Oocytes
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Recording Gap Junction Current from Xenopus Oocytes

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Analyzing the Size, Shape, and Directionality of Networks of Coupled Astrocytes
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Analyzing the Size, Shape, and Directionality of Networks of Coupled Astrocytes

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Cut-loading: A Useful Tool for Examining the Extent of Gap Junction Tracer Coupling Between Retinal Neurons
10:11

Cut-loading: A Useful Tool for Examining the Extent of Gap Junction Tracer Coupling Between Retinal Neurons

Published on: January 12, 2012

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Recording Gap Junction Current from Xenopus Oocytes
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Recording Gap Junction Current from Xenopus Oocytes

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Analyzing the Size, Shape, and Directionality of Networks of Coupled Astrocytes
10:10

Analyzing the Size, Shape, and Directionality of Networks of Coupled Astrocytes

Published on: October 4, 2018

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Astrocytes form communicating cellular networks using gap junctions.
  • Evidence suggests astrocytes form subgroups with preferential connections.
  • The mechanisms establishing these preferential connections remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of lineage in the organization of astrocyte networks.
  • To characterize the functional coupling of clonally related astrocytes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the StarTrack method for astrocyte labeling.
  • Performed intracellular dye injections in astrocyte clones.
  • Analyzed functional coupling between sibling astrocytes and surrounding cells.

Main Results:

  • Sibling astrocytes exhibit preferential functional coupling compared to non-related astrocytes.
  • Demonstrated a non-random pattern in astrocyte intercellular communication.

Conclusions:

  • Developmental origin, specifically lineage, plays a significant role in organizing astrocyte intercellular networks.
  • Preferential coupling among sibling astrocytes contributes to network structure.