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Related Concept Videos

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions03:26

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

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An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to numerous natural and technological processes, ranging from the chemical transformations within cells or lakes and oceans to the industrial-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other substances essential to the society.
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Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions01:27

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

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Acids and bases play several important roles in biology. The pH of a biological system can significantly impact the function of biological molecules, including enzymes, proteins, and nucleic acids. For example, enzymes have optimal pH ranges for their activity, and changes in pH can denature or alter their structure, affecting their function. Acids and bases also play a crucial role in cellular signaling and communication. The pH of the extracellular fluid around cells can influence the...
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Bending of Curved Members - Neutral Surface01:16

Bending of Curved Members - Neutral Surface

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In curved beams, unlike straight beams, the stress distribution across the cross-section is not uniform due to the beam's curvature. This non-uniformity arises because the neutral axis, where stress is zero, does not align with the centroid of the section. In a curved beam, the strain varies along the section as a function of the distance from the neutral axis.
Consider the curved member described in the previous lesson. According to Hooke's law, which relates stress to strain within the...
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Unsymmetric Bending - Angle of Neutral Axis01:15

Unsymmetric Bending - Angle of Neutral Axis

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Unsymmetrical bending occurs when a structural member is subjected to bending moments in a plane that does not align with the member's principal axes. This scenario typically arises in beams and other structural components when loads are applied at non-ideal angles, introducing complexities in stress analysis.
When a bending moment is applied at an angle θ concerning the vertical axis of a symmetrical member, it can be resolved into components along the member's principal...
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Titration of a Polyprotic Acid02:08

Titration of a Polyprotic Acid

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A polyprotic acid contains more than one ionizable hydrogen and undergoes a stepwise ionization process.  If the acid dissociation constants of the ionizable protons differ sufficiently from each other, then the titration curve for such polyprotic acid generates a distinct equivalence point for each of its ionizable hydrogens. Therefore, titration of a diprotic acid results in the formation of two equivalence points, whereas the titration of a triprotic acid results in the formation of three...
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Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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Related Experiment Video

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Optimization of a Quantitative Micro-neutralization Assay
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Neutrality in the Metaorganism.

Michael Sieber1, Lucía Pita2, Nancy Weiland-Bräuer3

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.

Plos Biology
|June 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Microbial communities (microbiota) in animals and plants often follow neutral assembly rules, driven by random processes rather than just host selection. This study uses neutral models to understand metaorganism dynamics and identify microbes for further research.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Most animals and plants host diverse microbial communities, forming integrated metaorganisms.
  • Host organisms exert selective pressures, influencing which microbes can colonize.
  • The assembly processes shaping these microbial communities remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To use neutral models as a null hypothesis for microbial community assembly in hosts.
  • To assess microbiota composition across diverse host organisms, including invertebrates.
  • To identify microbes deviating from neutral expectations for further investigation.

Main Methods:

  • Application of neutral models to analyze microbiota community structure.
  • Comparison of observed community structures with neutral model predictions.
  • Simulation of microbial communities to explore transient states and deviations.

Main Results:

  • Microbiota community structures in many host organisms align with neutral model expectations.
  • The approach successfully identifies individual microbes that deviate from neutral assembly.
  • Simulations indicate transient community dynamics can explain deviations from neutral theory.

Conclusions:

  • Neutral processes significantly influence microbiota assembly across a broad range of hosts.
  • Identifying deviations from neutral expectations highlights microbes of potential adaptive importance.
  • Understanding temporal dynamics and neutral processes is crucial for deciphering host-microbe interactions.