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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Measuring Liver Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption and Proton Leak Kinetics to Estimate Mitochondrial Respiration in Holstein Dairy Cattle
Published on: November 30, 2018
Reconstruction of bovine spermatozoa substances distribution and morphological differences between Holstein and
Hao Jiang1,2, Jeong-Woo Kwon1, Sumin Lee3
1Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-Ju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
Abstract:
Measurements of the three-dimensional (3D) structure of spermatozoon are crucial for the study of developmental biology and for the evaluation of in vitro fertilization. Here, we present 3D label-free imaging of individual spermatozoon and perform quantitative analysis of bovine, porcine, and mouse spermatozoa morphologies using refractive index tomography. Various morphological and biophysical properties were determined, including the internal structure, volume, surface area, concentration, and dry matter mass of individual spermatozoon. Furthermore, Holstein cows and Korean native cattle spermatozoa were systematically analyzed and revealed significant differences in spermatozoa head length, head width, midpiece length, and tail length between the two breeds. This label-free imaging approach provides a new technique for understanding the physiology of spermatozoa.
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