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Related Concept Videos

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

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Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
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Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

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Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...
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Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane

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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
In eukaryotes, the translocon complex comprises a core heterotrimeric translocator channel called the Sec61 complex. This channel includes three transmembrane proteins, Sec61α, Sec61β, and Sec61γ, and is the largest subunit of the...
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Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion01:26

Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion

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Bacterial protein secretion involves translocation systems to ensure proteins reach their designated locations, including the plasma membrane, periplasm, outer membrane, or the external environment. These translocation systems are vital for bacterial physiology, supporting processes like membrane assembly, enzymatic activity in the periplasm, and interactions with the external environment. The division of labor between Sec and Tat pathways ensures efficiency in handling proteins with diverse...
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Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER01:27

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

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A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
Hsp40 and Hsp70 chaperone molecules bind the translated proteins in the cytosol to prevent their folding. The chaperone binding helps to keep the signal...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Kupffer Cell Isolation for Nanoparticle Toxicity Testing
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Nanoparticle translocation and multi-organ toxicity: A particularly small problem.

Jennifer B Raftis1, Mark R Miller1

  • 1University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.

Nano Today
|June 21, 2019
PubMed
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Inhaled manufactured nanoparticles (MNMs) can enter the bloodstream and accumulate in diseased blood vessels. Further research is needed to understand nanoparticle translocation and its effects on multiple organs.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Environmental science
  • Toxicology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Environmental and manufactured nanoparticles (MNMs) share physicochemical properties, suggesting similar toxicological profiles.
  • Inhaled nanoparticles from air pollution impact the body, but MNM effects on multiple organs need more study.
  • The mechanism linking lung nanoparticle deposition to systemic effects is unclear, with translocation to the blood being a key hypothesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the translocation of inhaled nanoparticles from the lungs into the bloodstream.
  • To explore the accumulation of nanoparticles at sites of vascular disease.
  • To discuss factors influencing nanoparticle translocation and identify future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental studies in animals and humans.
  • Analysis of gold nanoparticles' behavior after inhalation.
  • Discussion of nanoparticle properties relevant to translocation.

Main Results:

  • Inhaled gold nanoparticles were shown to translocate into the bloodstream in animal and human studies.
  • Accumulation of these nanoparticles was observed at sites of pre-existing vascular disease.
  • Nanoparticle properties influencing translocation were discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Inhaled MNMs can translocate into the bloodstream and accumulate in vascular disease sites.
  • Understanding nanoparticle translocation is crucial for assessing risks associated with air pollution and MNMs.
  • Risk assessments must consider potential nanoparticle exposure routes and their impact on multiple organ systems.