Intrafollicular paracrine function of ovarian androgen

During early antral stages of follicular development, granulosa cells are constantly exposed to a high local concentration of androgen. C19 steroids biosynthesized in LH-stimulated theca cells traverse the lamina basalis, enter granulosa cells and accumulate in antral fluid. Within the granulosa cell layer, androgens are metabolized to other androgens, oestrogens and catechol oestrogens, all of which may fulfil intrafollicular regulatory functions. Observations in vitro show that direct androgen action in FSH-stimulated granulosa cells leads to increased generation of cyclic AMP with amplification of key cyclic AMP-dependent functions associated with granulosa cell differentiation. This could help explain why high concentrations of androgen in follicular fluid are associated with normal preovulatory follicular development and maintenance of oocyte viability in the mammalian ovary.