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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

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In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
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Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

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Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
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Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

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This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
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What is Behavior?00:54

What is Behavior?

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Behaviors are actions that an organism engages in—they can be related to finding food, reproducing, defending against threats, and many other possible actions. Behaviors include activities related to the environment around the animal—such as migration—as well as social interactions within a species or population. Many behaviors involve motor output—that is, muscle movements—while others involve less visible actions, such as learning.
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Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions01:38

Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions

7.3K
Overview
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group.  The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2,  depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
Primary alcohols are synthesized from primary alkyl halides, and the...
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Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions01:17

Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions

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Esters are reduced to primary alcohols when treated with a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent and proceeds via an aldehyde intermediate.
Lithium aluminum hydride is a source of hydride ions and functions as a nucleophile. The mechanism proceeds in three steps. Firstly, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the carbonyl group re-forms,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Histological Analyses of Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury in Zebrafish
10:45

Histological Analyses of Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury in Zebrafish

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Acute behavioral tolerance to alcohol.

R Edward Comley1, Matthew J Dry1

  • 1School of Psychology.

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology
|June 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alcohol

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Alcohol's behavioral effects are dose-dependent but variable.
  • Acute behavioral tolerance, a rapid decrease in alcohol's dose effect within a single dose, is a key factor.
  • Understanding acute tolerance is crucial for predicting alcohol's impact on behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review research paradigms used to study acute behavioral tolerance to alcohol.
  • To identify empirical evidence for acute behavioral tolerance.
  • To determine behavioral domains and influencing conditions of acute tolerance.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of studies employing appropriate research paradigms for acute behavioral tolerance.
  • Analysis of identified paradigms for empirical evidence of the effect.
  • Examination of behavioral domains and influencing factors.

Main Results:

  • Acute behavioral tolerance to alcohol is prevalent across various studies.
  • Seven distinct research paradigms consistently found evidence of acute tolerance.
  • Subjective measures reliably detected acute tolerance, while objective measures were less consistent.

Conclusions:

  • Acute behavioral tolerance significantly alters alcohol's dose-effect relationship within a single administration.
  • The impact of acute tolerance varies across different behavioral measures, with subjective reports being more sensitive.
  • Future research on alcohol's behavioral effects must account for these temporal changes in dose effect.