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Related Concept Videos

Traumatic Memory01:20

Traumatic Memory

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Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
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meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

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All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury
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MMPI-2-RF patterns after traumatic brain injury.

Rachael Goldsworthy1, Jacobus Donders1

  • 1Mary Free Bed Rehabilitation Hospital.

Psychological Assessment
|June 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) symptom reporting varies, with four distinct profiles identified using the MMPI-2-RF. Premorbid factors significantly influence these symptom patterns post-injury.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to diverse cognitive, emotional, and somatic symptoms.
  • Understanding symptom profiles is crucial for effective TBI management and research.
  • Previous research indicates subjective symptom reporting is complex and multifactorial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify distinct symptom profile subtypes in individuals with TBI.
  • To analyze patterns of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured form (MMPI-2-RF) clinical scales.
  • To investigate the influence of injury, demographic, and premorbid variables on these profiles.

Main Methods:

  • Cluster analysis of MMPI-2-RF restructured clinical scales in 201 TBI patients (1-12 months post-injury).

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  • Evaluation of symptom profile variations based on injury characteristics, demographics, and premorbid history.
  • Comparison of identified clusters regarding symptom endorsement, validity scales, and demographic/clinical factors.

    • Main Results:

    • Four distinct MMPI-2-RF profiles were identified.
    • Cluster 1 showed high distress and elevated symptom validity, with more prior substance abuse history.
    • Cluster 4 had minimal clinical elevations despite positive neuroimaging; Cluster 2 (female) showed somatization; Cluster 3 (male) exhibited guardedness/restlessness, with more positive neuroimaging and substance abuse history.

    Conclusions:

    • Symptom reporting after TBI is not uniform and can be categorized into distinct profiles.
    • Premorbid factors significantly contribute to the manifestation of subjective symptoms following TBI.
    • The identified profiles offer insights into heterogeneous TBI recovery trajectories and inform personalized treatment approaches.