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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

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Water risk perceptions across the life-course of women in Kenya

Joann Varickanickal1, Elijah Bisung2, Susan J Elliott1

  • 1Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada.

Health Promotion International
|June 21, 2019
PubMed

Inadequate access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) exposes many vulnerable populations, especially women and girls, to preventable diseases around the world. This paper reports findings from a photovoice project that explored water-related risk perceptions and health outcomes among women in Nyanchwa, Kenya. Thirteen women in four age categories were recruited for this study in July 2016 using the 'snowball' technique. From the results, inadequate access to WaSH was associated with increased water collection burden on women and children; environmental pollution; poor educational outcomes; loss of time due to water collection and poor sanitation infrastructure. Some barriers to change identified include financial barriers and inadequate government support. The identified risks and barriers are important considerations for the design, evaluation and mainstreaming of WaSH programs in resource constrained settings.

Keywords:
Kenyafeminist political ecologyhealthsanitationwater

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