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Related Concept Videos

Language01:16

Language

898
Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
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Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

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All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
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The Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML): Language Specification for Level 3 Version 2 Core Release 2.

Michael Hucka1, Frank T Bergmann1, Claudine Chaouiya2

  • 1California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.

Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics
|June 21, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) provides a standardized XML format for computational models in biology. SBML Level 3 Version 2 Release 2 enhances model exchange and analysis across different software tools.

Keywords:
RepresentationStandardsSystems Biology Markup LanguageVisualization

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Area of Science:

  • Computational Biology
  • Systems Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Computational models are crucial for interpreting biological data and making predictions.
  • The Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) facilitates the exchange of these models between software.
  • Standardization is key to avoiding translation errors and ensuring consistent analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide the official specification for SBML Level 3 Version 2 Release 2.
  • To define the data structures and XML encoding for SBML.
  • To establish validation rules for SBML documents and offer examples.

Main Methods:

  • Defining data structures for biological models.
  • Specifying XML encoding for model representation.
  • Developing validation rules for SBML document integrity.

Main Results:

  • The release of SBML Level 3 Version 2 Release 2 specification.
  • Correction of errors and clarification of ambiguities from Release 1.
  • Provision of validation rules and example SBML models.

Conclusions:

  • SBML Level 3 Version 2 Release 2 improves the reliability and interoperability of computational models in systems biology.
  • The specification ensures consistent data representation and analysis across diverse software platforms.
  • Availability of resources on the SBML project website supports wider adoption and use.