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Classifying Matter by State02:49

Classifying Matter by State

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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
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Strategic self-presentation refers to individuals' intentional efforts to influence how others perceive them. This process is employed in various social and professional settings, such as job interviews, dating, politics, and legal contexts, where individuals seek to shape impressions to gain social or material advantages. While people generally present themselves in ways that align with their authentic characteristics, external factors, such as cognitive load, can hinder their ability to...
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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on Earth. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A liquid flows and takes the shape of its container, except it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface when acted upon by gravity. Both liquid and solid samples have volumes nearly independent of pressure. A gas takes both the shape and volume of its container.
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Radiation Planning Assistant - A Streamlined, Fully Automated Radiotherapy Treatment Planning System
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Does Strategic Planning Matter?

William T Mallon1

  • 1W.T. Mallon is senior director, Strategy and Innovation Development, Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, DC.

Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges
|June 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Strategic planning in higher education and academic medicine has limited demonstrated impact on outcomes. However, it significantly shapes organizational culture, values, and direction through repeated discourse.

Area of Science:

  • Organizational Studies
  • Higher Education Administration
  • Academic Medicine Management

Background:

  • Strategic planning is a process for organizational differentiation to achieve mission, distinct from operational planning focused on continuous improvement.
  • Many organizations combine both strategic and operational planning, often without clear definitions or conceptual frameworks for strategic planning.
  • Empirical evidence across disciplines has not consistently shown positive organizational outcomes directly resulting from strategic planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the history, use, and effectiveness of strategic planning in higher education, academic medicine, and nonprofit settings.
  • To explore the limited impact of strategic planning on organizational outcomes in academic medicine due to favorable past environments.
  • To provide recommendations for leaders in the current environment, emphasizing trade-offs, emergent strategy, and operational excellence.

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Main Methods:

  • Review of the history and literature on strategic planning in higher education, academic medicine, and nonprofit sectors.
  • Analysis of the distinction between strategic planning and operational planning.
  • Application of anthropological theories to understand the expressive function of strategic plans.

Main Results:

  • Empirical literature does not demonstrate a consistent link between strategic planning and positive organizational outcomes.
  • In academic medicine, favorable environmental factors may have historically overshadowed the impact of strategic planning.
  • Current environments necessitate leaders to make trade-offs, embrace emergent strategies, and focus on operational excellence.

Conclusions:

  • Strategic planning's effectiveness in achieving direct organizational outcomes is not empirically supported across disciplines.
  • The primary value of strategic planning may lie in its ability to influence organizational culture, values, and direction.
  • Repetitive communication of strategic themes can shape an organization's culture and its capacity for change.