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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Exosomes01:36

Overview of Exosomes

3.6K
Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Isolation and Characterization of RNA-Containing Exosomes
09:43

Isolation and Characterization of RNA-Containing Exosomes

Published on: January 9, 2012

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Exosomes.

D Michiel Pegtel1, Stephen J Gould2

  • 1Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;

Annual Review of Biochemistry
|June 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Exosomes are tiny vesicles involved in cell communication and protein quality control. These secreted organelles play roles in health and disease, with potential therapeutic applications.

Keywords:
aggregationbuddingcancercell biologyextracellular vesicleimmunitymicrovesicleneurodegenerationprotein oligomerizationprotein trafficking

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles secreted by cells, playing crucial roles in intercellular communication.
  • They contain a diverse cargo of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, reflecting their cellular origin.
  • Exosome biogenesis involves complex cellular mechanisms, including budding from plasma and endosome membranes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of exosome biology, biogenesis, and functions.
  • To highlight the involvement of exosomes in various physiological and pathological processes.
  • To discuss the emerging therapeutic potential of exosomes in disease models.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of exosome research.
  • Analysis of exosome composition and biogenesis pathways.
  • Examination of exosome roles in health and disease contexts.

Main Results:

  • Exosomes are heterogeneous, membrane-bound organelles involved in intercellular signaling and extracellular matrix remodeling.
  • Exosome pathways are implicated in development, immunity, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Viruses can hijack exosome biogenesis for particle assembly and host manipulation.

Conclusions:

  • Exosomes are critical mediators of intercellular communication with broad implications in human health and disease.
  • Their diverse functions and involvement in pathology underscore their significance.
  • Exosomes represent a promising avenue for therapeutic development across multiple disease areas.