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Related Concept Videos

Thermal Strain01:19

Thermal Strain

2.8K
Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...
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Shearing Strain01:20

Shearing Strain

1.3K
The shearing strain represents a cubic element's angular change when subjected to shearing stress. This type of stress can transform a cube into an oblique parallelepiped without influencing normal strains. The cubic element experiences a significant transformation when exposed solely to shearing stress. Its shape alters from a perfect cube into a rhomboid, clearly demonstrating the effect of shearing strain. The degree of this strain is considered positive if it reduces the angle between the...
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Measurements of Strain01:27

Measurements of Strain

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Strain quantifies the deformation of a material under force, typically measured as normal strain, which represents the change in length when compared with the original length. Electrical strain gauges are used for enhanced accuracy. These devices consist of a conductive wire mounted on a paper backing that adheres to the material's surface. These gauges operate on the piezoresistive effect, where the wire's electrical resistance changes in response to mechanical deformation. The strain...
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Strain Energy01:13

Strain Energy

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Strain energy is a fundamental concept in the field of materials science and structural engineering, describing the energy absorbed by a material or structure when it is deformed under load.
Consider a rod that is fixed at one end and subjected to an axial force at the free end. This axial force induces stress within the rod, leading to its elongation. As the axial force increases, so does the elongation of the rod, illustrating a direct relationship between the force applied and the resulting...
936
Stress-Strain Diagram01:10

Stress-Strain Diagram

2.3K
A stress-strain diagram is a crucial tool that graphically displays a material's mechanical characteristics. This diagram is derived from a tensile test performed on a carefully prepared cylindrical specimen. The specimen has two gauge marks inscribed on its central part, and the distance between these marks is known as the gauge length. The cylindrical specimen is placed in a testing machine, which applies an increasing centric load. As this load grows, so does the gauge length. This...
2.3K
Transformation of Plane Strain01:12

Transformation of Plane Strain

498
When analyzing elongated structures like bars subjected to uniformly distributed loads, it is essential to understand the transformation of plane strain when coordinate axes are rotated. This transformation helps to assess how material deformation characteristics vary with orientation, which is crucial in materials science and structural engineering.
Under plane strain conditions, typical for members where one dimension significantly exceeds the others, deformations and resultant strains are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Theoretical Calculation and Experimental Verification for Dislocation Reduction in Germanium Epitaxial Layers with Semicylindrical Voids on Silicon
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Theoretical Calculation and Experimental Verification for Dislocation Reduction in Germanium Epitaxial Layers with Semicylindrical Voids on Silicon

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Lasing in strained germanium microbridges.

F T Armand Pilon1,2, A Lyasota3, Y-M Niquet4

  • 1Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland. francesco.armand-pilon@psi.ch.

Nature Communications
|June 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Strained germanium microbridges achieve mid-infrared lasing with high efficiency. This demonstrates the potential of germanium for silicon-based optoelectronics, rivaling germanium-tin alloys.

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Area of Science:

  • Optoelectronics
  • Materials Science
  • Semiconductor Physics

Background:

  • Germanium (Ge) is a CMOS-compatible material with potential for silicon-based optoelectronics.
  • Achieving direct bandgap properties in Ge is crucial for interband semiconductor lasers.
  • Strain engineering and alloying (e.g., with Sn) are key strategies to tune Ge's band structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report mid-infrared lasing in tensile strained germanium (Ge) microbridges.
  • To investigate the effect of high uniaxial strain on Ge's lasing properties.
  • To compare the efficiency of strained Ge lasers with GeSn (germanium-tin) alloys.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of germanium microbridges.
  • Application of uniaxial tensile strain (5.4%–5.9%) via mechanical loading.
  • Optical pumping for laser excitation.
  • Spectroscopic analysis in the mid-infrared region (3.20–3.66 μm).
  • Demonstration of non-equilibrium electron distribution in k-space.

Main Results:

  • Lasing achieved in the mid-infrared (3.20–3.66 μm) using strained Ge microbridges.
  • High differential quantum efficiency, approaching 100% (lower bound 50%).
  • Maximum operating temperature of 100 K.
  • Evidence of direct bandgap importance for lasing through electron distribution studies.
  • Strained Ge approach shows comparable efficiency to GeSn.

Conclusions:

  • Tensile strained germanium is a viable material for efficient mid-infrared lasers.
  • High strain engineering effectively enables lasing in Ge, competing with GeSn.
  • The study highlights the critical role of direct bandgap characteristics for efficient lasing in semiconductor materials.