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Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

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When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...
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The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison02:57

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According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
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Glucose Transporters01:27

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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
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Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain
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Proinsulin is sensitive to reflect glucose intolerance.

Akinobu Nakamura1, Hideaki Miyoshi2, Shigekazu Ukawa3,4

  • 1Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.

Journal of Diabetes Investigation
|June 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Proinsulin levels (PI) are the most sensitive indicator of glucose intolerance, showing significant differences between normal glucose tolerance, prediabetes, and diabetes groups. Higher PI levels correlate with impaired glucose tolerance.

Keywords:
EpidemiologyProinsulinβ-Cell function

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Health
  • Diabetes Research

Background:

  • Glucose tolerance and beta-cell function are critical determinants of metabolic health.
  • Dysregulation of beta-cell function is a hallmark of prediabetes and diabetes.
  • Population-based studies are essential for understanding glucose metabolism in diverse communities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between glucose tolerance and various markers of beta-cell function.
  • To identify the most sensitive indicator of glucose intolerance among several estimation methods.
  • To analyze these associations within a population-based cohort.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of data from the Dynamics of Lifestyle and Neighborhood Community on Health Study (n=489).
  • Categorization of participants into normal glucose tolerance (NGT), prediabetes (PDM), and diabetes groups.
  • Estimation of beta-cell function using homeostasis model assessment, proinsulin level (PI), C-peptide index, and ratios, with natural logarithmic transformation for skewed data.

Main Results:

  • Proinsulin level (PI) and proinsulin-to-C-peptide ratio (PI/CPR) were significantly elevated in diabetes and prediabetes groups compared to normal glucose tolerance.
  • Adjusted analysis revealed significantly higher PI in the prediabetes group versus the normal glucose tolerance group.
  • In non-diabetic participants, PI levels showed a significant positive correlation with glycated hemoglobin quartiles.

Conclusions:

  • Proinsulin level (PI) emerged as the most sensitive biomarker for reflecting glucose intolerance.
  • These findings highlight the importance of PI in assessing beta-cell dysfunction in the context of glucose metabolism.
  • The study provides valuable insights into the progression of glucose intolerance and its relationship with beta-cell function.