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Anchoring junctions are multiprotein complexes that help cells connect to other cells and the extracellular matrix. Anchoring junctions are present on the lateral and basal surfaces of cells, providing strong and flexible connections. Focal adhesions are often formed due to cell interactions with the ECM substrata, which initiate signal transduction via kinase cascades and other mechanisms. Together, they provide stability and tissue integrity. There are three types of anchoring junctions:...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Dissection of Single Skeletal Muscle Fibers for Immunofluorescent and Morphometric Analyses of Whole-Mount Neuromuscular Junctions
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Morphometric changes at the craniocervical junction during childhood.

Jayapalli Rajiv Bapuraj1, Amy K Bruzek2, Jamaal K Tarpeh2

  • 1Departments of1Radiology and.

Journal of Neurosurgery. Pediatrics
|June 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study defines normal pediatric craniocervical junction measurements, providing growth parameters for children aged 1-18. These findings aid in evaluating children for surgical intervention.

Keywords:
Chiari malformationcraniocervical junctiondevelopmentmorphometricsodontoidspine

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric radiology
  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Developmental anatomy

Background:

  • Pediatric craniocervical junction development is not fully understood.
  • Anatomical measurements influence clinical and surgical decisions in children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively define clinically relevant craniocervical junction measurements in children with normal anatomy.
  • Establish normative data for pediatric craniocervical spine growth.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed CT scans from 1458 children (1-18 years).
  • Measured occipital condyle-C1 interval (CCI), pB-C2, atlantodental interval (ADI), basion-dens interval (BDI), basion-opisthion diameter (BOD), basion-axial interval (BAI), dens angulation, and C1 canal diameter.
  • Calculated mean values for 34 age and sex groups; assessed inter-observer reliability (ICC).

Main Results:

  • Occipital condyle-C1 interval (CCI), atlantodental interval (ADI), basion-dens interval (BDI), and dens angulation decrease with age.
  • pB-C2, PADI, basion-axial interval (BAI), and basion-opisthion diameter (BOD) increase with age.
  • Inter-observer reliability (ICC) ranged from fair to good (0.413-0.912).

Conclusions:

  • Established age-specific parameters for normal pediatric craniocervical spine growth up to 18 years.
  • Findings are crucial for evaluating pediatric patients considered for surgical intervention.