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Related Concept Videos

Aging01:26

Aging

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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
Cellular Clock Theory
The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...
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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
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Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

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As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution01:00

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution

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Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are...
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[Morphochemical changes in human striatum during aging.]

M V Ivanov1, K A Kutukova1, R M Khudoerkov1

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Advances in Gerontology = Uspekhi Gerontologii
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Physiological aging in the human striatum shows smaller neuron bodies and increased glia. Iron (II) compounds accumulate in neurons and glial cells, offering insights into neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neuropathology
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, share pathological hallmarks with normal aging, including neuron loss, gliosis, and iron accumulation.
  • Distinguishing between pathological changes and physiological aging is crucial for accurate diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate qualitative and quantitative morphochemical alterations in neurons and neuroglia during physiological aging.
  • To determine the localization of iron (II) compounds in the human striatum across different age groups.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of neuronal and glial cells in mature and old human striatum samples.
  • Morphochemical assessment of cellular changes.
  • Histochemical staining to localize iron (II) compounds.

Main Results:

  • Significantly smaller neuron body size was observed in the old age group compared to the mature group.
  • Increased distribution density of overall glia and astrocytes was noted in older individuals.
  • Accumulation of iron (II) compounds was detected along vascular walls and within the cytoplasm of neurons and glial cells in the old age group.

Conclusions:

  • Physiological aging is associated with specific morphochemical changes in the human striatum, including glial proliferation and iron accumulation.
  • These age-related changes provide a baseline for understanding neurodegenerative processes.
  • Findings support the potential for earlier and more accurate diagnosis of aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease.