Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Experimental Investigation of the Hierarchical Control in DC Microgrids Using a Real-time Simulator
Published on: February 14, 2025
Real time control of water distribution networks: A state-of-the-art review
E Creaco1, A Campisano2, N Fontana3
1Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Architettura, University of Pavia, Via Ferrara 3, I-27100, Pavia, Italy.
Abstract:
This paper presents a review of the current state of the art of real time control (RTC) of water distribution networks (WDNs). After proving the basic concept and terms of RTC and presenting sensors, regulation devices and controllers typically used in WDNs, the paper goes on by describing the most frequent control objectives, which mainly include service pressure regulation, control of tank filling and energy production in each WDN district. Various control methodologies recently proposed in the scientific literature are presented and discussed, along with experimental and numerical results achieved. Also, aspects related to the cost-effectiveness of RTC are critically analyzed. The paper ends by giving an outlook into potential future developments in the area of RTC for WDNs.
Related Concept Videos
Real Time RT-PCR
The real-time quantification of the number of amplified products is...
Review and Preview
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...
Review and Preview
Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control
Consider the example of control of motor torque. Initially, a positive...
Protein Networks
These interactions can be represented through maps depicting protein-protein interaction networks, represented as nodes and edges. Nodes are circles that are representative of a protein,...
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of PI Control
Acting as a low-pass filter, the PI controller slows the system's response and extends settling times. This requires...

