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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

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Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
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Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies01:22

Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies

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Additional therapies for treating patients with heart failure (HF) may include procedural interventions, supplemental oxygen, the management of sleep disorders, and nutritional therapy.Procedural InterventionsImplantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator: For patients at risk of life-threatening arrhythmias due to severe left ventricular dysfunction, an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) can detect and terminate these arrhythmias, preventing sudden cardiac death and improving survival rates.
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Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

825
Heart failure and kidney perfusion are interconnected in a complex way. Reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion are two significant factors that contribute to renal dysfunction in heart failure. The kidneys, primarily responsible for fluid balance in the body, are adversely affected due to compromised cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In response to reduced renal perfusion, the kidneys activate neurohumoral mechanisms to restore balance. However, these mechanisms can be...
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Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

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Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Author Spotlight: Investigating HR-Dependent Cardiac Function in Mouse Models Through a Novel Atrial-Pacing Approach
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Pharmacotherapy in paediatric heart failure: a Delphi process.

Cristina C Díez1, Feras Khalil1, Nina Makowski1

  • 1Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Cardiology in the Young
|June 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Paediatric heart failure pharmacotherapy lacks evidence, leading to varied practices. Expert consensus was reached on standardizing treatment and therapeutic approaches for children with heart failure.

Keywords:
Delphiangiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitorsheart failurepaediatricspharmacotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Pharmacotherapy
  • Heart Failure Management

Background:

  • Limited evidence exists for pediatric heart failure pharmacotherapy.
  • A Europe-wide survey revealed significant clinical practice variability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Facilitate consensus among pediatric cardiology experts on controversial pharmacotherapy aspects.
  • Identify areas of agreement and disagreement in pediatric heart failure treatment.

Main Methods:

  • A two-round modified Delphi process involving 13 European and US pediatric cardiologists.
  • Discussion focused on Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and neurohumoral antagonists for pediatric heart failure.

Main Results:

  • Consensus was achieved on 11 out of 14 statements regarding pediatric heart failure pharmacotherapy.
  • Agreement highlighted the importance of standardizing therapy and specific therapeutic attitudes.

Conclusions:

  • The study identified common ground to foster scientific collaboration in pediatric heart failure research.
  • Results aim to reduce practice variability and disseminate evidence for safer, effective pharmacotherapy.