Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Simple Staining Technique01:24

Simple Staining Technique

3.4K
OverviewStaining techniques in microscopy enhance the visualization of microorganisms by increasing contrast and allowing the differentiation of cellular structures. Simple staining is one of the fundamental methods used to observe the basic morphological characteristics of microorganisms, including their size, shape, and arrangement. This method relies on the application of a single dye to stain the entire cell, producing a clear contrast between the cell and the background.FixationFixation is...
3.4K
Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

5.0K
Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
5.0K
Random Error01:04

Random Error

9.1K
Random or indeterminate errors originate from various uncontrollable variables, such as variations in environmental conditions, instrument imperfections, or the inherent variability of the phenomena being measured. Usually, these errors cannot be predicted, estimated, or characterized because their direction and magnitude often vary in magnitude and direction even during consecutive measurements. As a result, they are difficult to eliminate. However, the aggregate effect of these errors can be...
9.1K
Random Variables01:09

Random Variables

17.5K
A random variable is a single numerical value that indicates the outcome of a procedure. The concept of random variables is fundamental to the probability theory and was introduced by a Russian mathematician, Pafnuty Chebyshev, in the mid-nineteenth century.
Uppercase letters such as X or Y denote a random variable. Lowercase letters like x or y denote the value of a random variable. If X is a random variable, then X is written in words, and x is given as a number.
For example, let X = the...
17.5K
Randomized Experiments01:13

Randomized Experiments

8.9K
The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
Simple...
8.9K
Random and Systematic Errors01:20

Random and Systematic Errors

14.5K
Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
14.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Can we identify people with Alzheimer's disease from examination of the eye? A bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study.

The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease·2026
Same author

Body Mass Index, Clinical Outcomes, and Mortality in Heart Failure: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology·2026
Same author

Circulating metabolites associated with psoriasis in the UK Biobank and the HUNT Study: A cross-sectional study of 470,352 participants.

The British journal of dermatology·2026
Same author

Statistical Methods for Understanding Trajectories in Genetic Epidemiology.

Annual review of biomedical data science·2026
Same author

Genetic liability to psoriasis predicts severe disease outcomes.

Genome medicine·2025
Same author

The Skin Genetics Consortium.

The British journal of dermatology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Genetic Variant Detection in the CALR gene using High Resolution Melting Analysis
08:46

Genetic Variant Detection in the CALR gene using High Resolution Melting Analysis

Published on: August 26, 2020

5.3K

Research Techniques Made Simple: Using Genetic Variants for Randomization.

Ashley Budu-Aggrey1, Lavinia Paternoster1

  • 1Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.

The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
|June 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Mendelian randomization (MR) uses genetic data to assess causal links between exposures like smoking and skin conditions such as psoriasis. This method helps overcome limitations of observational studies in dermatology research.

More Related Videos

Determining the Likelihood of Variant Pathogenicity Using Amino Acid-level Signal-to-Noise Analysis of Genetic Variation
07:15

Determining the Likelihood of Variant Pathogenicity Using Amino Acid-level Signal-to-Noise Analysis of Genetic Variation

Published on: January 16, 2019

11.3K
Reverse Genetics to Engineer Positive-Sense RNA Virus Variants
15:49

Reverse Genetics to Engineer Positive-Sense RNA Virus Variants

Published on: June 9, 2022

1.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Genetic Variant Detection in the CALR gene using High Resolution Melting Analysis
08:46

Genetic Variant Detection in the CALR gene using High Resolution Melting Analysis

Published on: August 26, 2020

5.3K
Determining the Likelihood of Variant Pathogenicity Using Amino Acid-level Signal-to-Noise Analysis of Genetic Variation
07:15

Determining the Likelihood of Variant Pathogenicity Using Amino Acid-level Signal-to-Noise Analysis of Genetic Variation

Published on: January 16, 2019

11.3K
Reverse Genetics to Engineer Positive-Sense RNA Virus Variants
15:49

Reverse Genetics to Engineer Positive-Sense RNA Virus Variants

Published on: June 9, 2022

1.9K

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Genetics
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Observational studies show links between exposures (e.g., smoking) and dermatological outcomes (e.g., psoriasis).
  • Establishing causality is difficult due to confounding and reverse causation in observational research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of Mendelian randomization (MR) methodology.
  • To illustrate MR application in dermatology using relevant examples.
  • To discuss challenges and future directions for MR in this field.

Main Methods:

  • Mendelian randomization (MR) utilizes genetic variants as instrumental variables for exposures.
  • MR leverages genetic proxies to infer causal relationships, mitigating confounding and reverse causation.
  • The review synthesizes existing literature and methodological considerations for MR in dermatology.

Main Results:

  • MR provides a robust framework for investigating causal inference in observational data.
  • Genetic instruments can serve as reliable proxies for modifiable exposures.
  • The method offers a way to obtain causal estimates free from common biases.

Conclusions:

  • Mendelian randomization is a valuable tool for establishing causality in dermatological research.
  • The application of MR can enhance understanding of disease etiology and treatment targets.
  • Further methodological development and application are encouraged for future dermatological studies.