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Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Secondary Healthcare System01:11

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Secondary healthcare is offered by a specialist, generally in hospitals or clinics for patients referred by primary healthcare providers. It occurs when a person has an illness or injury that requires specific medical care. Secondary care is often referred to as acute care. Secondary care can range from uncomplicated care to repair a minor laceration or treat a strep throat infection to more complicated emergent care, such as treating a head injury sustained in an automobile accident. Whatever...
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Secondary Distribution01:25

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Secondary distribution systems provide electrical energy at the utilization voltage levels from distribution transformers to customer meters. Typical secondary voltages in the United States include 120/240 V for residential use, 208Y/120 V for residential and commercial use, and 480Y/277 V for industrial and high-rise commercial use.
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Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Stereotaxic Surgery for Implantation of Microelectrode Arrays in the Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus
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[The pectus excavatum: Secondary surgery with implants].

J-P Chavoin1, J-L Grolleau1, B Chaput1

  • 1Service de chirurgie plastique reconstructrice et esthétique, centre hospitalier universitaire de Rangueil, 1, avenue Jean-Pouilhès, Toulouse cedex 09, France.

Annales De Chirurgie Plastique Et Esthetique
|June 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pectus excavatum, a common chest malformation, can be effectively treated with secondary surgery using a customized 3D implant. This approach offers excellent aesthetic outcomes for patients without impacting respiratory or cardiovascular function.

Keywords:
Aesthetic prejudiceChirurgie secondaireComputer aided designConception assistée par ordinateurCustom made silicone implantsImplant de silicone sur mesurePectus excavatumPréjudice esthétiqueSecondary surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Thoracic surgery
  • Plastic and reconstructive surgery
  • Biomedical engineering

Background:

  • Pectus excavatum is the most common congenital malformation of the thorax, affecting approximately 1 in 500 individuals.
  • Existing surgical and medical treatments for pectus excavatum often yield suboptimal aesthetic results or are associated with complications.
  • Patient dissatisfaction with aesthetic outcomes is a significant concern in pectus excavatum management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and aesthetic outcomes of secondary surgery for pectus excavatum using deep customized 3D implants.
  • To determine if this surgical technique can provide a satisfactory aesthetic result in patients with pectus excavatum.
  • To assess the absence of functional complications (respiratory or cardiovascular) following this reconstructive approach.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective analysis of patients undergoing secondary pectus excavatum repair with custom 3D implants.
  • Detailed assessment of pre- and post-operative aesthetic outcomes using standardized evaluation methods.
  • Review of patient records to identify any respiratory or cardiovascular functional changes post-surgery.

Main Results:

  • Secondary surgery with deep customized 3D implants resulted in significant aesthetic improvements.
  • The customized 3D implant approach achieved the aesthetic goals desired by patients.
  • No significant respiratory or cardiovascular functional deficits were observed in patients post-procedure.

Conclusions:

  • Customized 3D implants represent an elegant and effective solution for secondary pectus excavatum correction.
  • This technique offers a high likelihood of achieving excellent aesthetic results in pectus excavatum patients.
  • The procedure is safe, with no adverse impact on cardiopulmonary function.