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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Surveys are essential for marking property boundaries near water bodies. Different types of surveys are defined, each with its own function. Land surveys mark the property boundaries, while route surveys determine the position of properties on nearby highways. Topographic surveys create maps by capturing the three-dimensional features of the land. Hydrographic surveys focus on the shapes of underwater areas and the movement of streams through the properties. Mine surveys determine the relative...
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Surveying near highways, rough terrain, or power lines involves significant risks. Working along highways is particularly dangerous and requires the use of warning signs and flagmen. It is safest to avoid working directly on roads and use offsets whenever possible. When highway work is unavoidable, it must follow all safety guidelines. Surveyors should wear bright clothing, such as orange reflective vests, to ensure visibility to motorists, coworkers, and hunters. In construction zones, wearing...
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Errors and mistakes in surveying refer to inaccuracies in measurements and data recording. The errors are deviations from the actual value caused by human sensory limitations, equipment flaws, or environmental effects. These errors are typically unintentional and can result from the inherent imperfections in the instruments used, atmospheric conditions, or the observer’s inability to perceive exact measurements. On the other hand, mistakes are caused by the surveyor's lack of...
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Topographic surveying is critical for documenting the Earth's surface, focusing on capturing elevations, slopes, and natural and man-made features. It is essential in construction planning, water resource management, and land-use analysis. The primary outcome of such surveys is a topographic map, which uses contour lines to visually represent the shape and slope of the terrain, providing valuable insights into the landscape's characteristics.Contour lines are fundamental to understanding the...
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A Systematic and Meta-Analysis Survey of Whale Optimization Algorithm.

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Area of Science:

  • Computational Intelligence
  • Optimization Algorithms
  • Metaheuristics

Background:

  • The whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is a nature-inspired metaheuristic proposed in 2016.
  • Existing surveys cover algorithms like ABC and PSO, but a comprehensive review of WOA is lacking.
  • WOA has demonstrated effectiveness in solving diverse optimization problems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a systematic survey and meta-analysis of the whale optimization algorithm (WOA).
  • To provide researchers with in-depth information on WOA's background, characteristics, limitations, modifications, hybridizations, and applications.
  • To analyze and compare the performance of WOA and its variants against other common optimization algorithms.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review and meta-analysis of WOA.
  • In-depth presentation of WOA's algorithmic details and theoretical underpinnings.
  • Performance evaluation of WOA, its modifications, and hybridizations on benchmark functions.

Main Results:

  • WOA demonstrates superior convergence speed and better balancing of exploration and exploitation compared to other common algorithms.
  • Modifications and hybridizations of WOA show improved performance over the standard WOA.
  • A novel WOA-BAT hybrid algorithm was developed, outperforming WOA on 16 benchmark functions and specific CEC test suites.

Conclusions:

  • The whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is a robust and efficient metaheuristic.
  • WOA modifications and hybridizations offer significant performance enhancements.
  • The proposed WOA-BAT hybrid algorithm presents a competitive and effective approach for complex optimization tasks.