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Plant Hormones

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.

Types of Hormones

Types of Hormones

Hormones can be classified into three main types based on their chemical structures: steroids, peptides, and amines. Their actions are mediated by the specific receptors they bind to on target cells.

Types of Hormones

Types of Hormones

Hormones are classified into four main groups: steroids, eicosanoids, amino acid-based derivatives, and peptide hormones.
Steroids and eicosanoids fall under the category of lipid-soluble hormones. Steroids are derived from cholesterol and feature four interconnected carbon rings with variable side chains. Notable examples include estradiol from ovaries and testosterone from testes, exemplifying the critical roles of these lipid-soluble hormones in reproductive physiology. Eicosanoids, derived...

Hormonal Regulation

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Monitoring Plant Hormones During Stress Responses

Monitoring Plant Hormones During Stress Responses

Published on: June 15, 2009

Sulfated plant peptide hormones.

Christine Kaufmann¹, Margret Sauter¹

¹Plant Developmental Biology and Physiology, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten, Kiel, Germany.

Journal of Experimental Botany

|June 25, 2019

Summary

Sulfated peptides are crucial plant hormones regulating growth and immunity. Their synthesis involves tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST) and links to sulfur metabolism, with potential agricultural applications awaiting exploration.

Keywords:

Casparian strip integrity factor LRR-RLK phytosulfokine plant peptide containing sulfated tyrosine root meristem growth factor sulfated peptide hormone tyrosine sulfation tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase

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Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Biochemistry
Molecular Biology

Background:

Sulfated peptides are potent plant hormones active at nanomolar concentrations.
Tyrosine sulfation, catalyzed by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST), is a key modification.
These peptides link sulfur metabolism via PAPS and require further modifications for activity.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize the current understanding of sulfated peptide hormone synthesis and function.
To highlight the role of TPST and PAPS in sulfated peptide hormone production.
To underscore the regulatory roles in plant development and immunity.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on sulfated peptide hormone biosynthesis.
Analysis of conserved motifs (DY-motif) involved in tyrosine sulfation.
Discussion of post-translational modifications like hydroxylation and glycosylation.

Main Results:

Sulfated peptides are synthesized via TPST, utilizing PAPS and requiring specific precursor motifs.
Additional modifications ensure peptide stability and activity.
These hormones are perceived by LRR-RLKs, regulating growth, development, and pathogen immunity.

Conclusions:

Sulfated peptide hormones are vital regulators of plant processes.
Understanding their pathways is crucial for unlocking agricultural and pharmaceutical potential.
Further research is needed to explore their applications.