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Body Temperature01:07

Body Temperature

1.4K
Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
The average body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F) and typically ranges from 36.1–37.2°C...
1.4K
Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

4.1K
The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
4.1K
Effects of Temperature on Free Energy02:11

Effects of Temperature on Free Energy

28.0K
The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
28.0K
Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium01:11

Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium

9.2K
Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
The concept of temperature has evolved from the common concepts of hot and cold. The scientific definition of temperature explains more than just our sense of hot and cold. Temperature is operationally defined as the quantity measured with a thermometer. Furthermore, temperature is...
9.2K
Factors Affecting Body Temperature01:28

Factors Affecting Body Temperature

8.7K
As a nurse, it is vital to understand the factors affecting body temperature to monitor variations and effectively evaluate deviations from regular.
Factors may  include:
8.7K
Increased Body Temperature01:25

Increased Body Temperature

6.5K
A body temperature above  38°C  (100.4 °F) is known as fever or pyrexia, and a person with fever is termed 'febrile.' Typically, the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that acts as the body's thermostat, regulates body temperature through a thermoregulatory setpoint. It receives signals from cold and warm thermal receptors throughout the body and adjusts the body's temperature accordingly. Fever occurs when this hypothalamic setpoint is altered, usually in...
6.5K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Assessment of DNase Activity by Ratiometric Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
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Assessment of DNase Activity by Ratiometric Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Published on: July 25, 2025

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A calixarene-based fluorescent ratiometric temperature probe.

Brunella Bardi1, Irene Tosi1, Federica Faroldi1

  • 1Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy. laura.baldini@unipr.it francesca.terenziani@unipr.it.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|June 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel macrocycle-based thermometer using calixarene and two fluorophores. It accurately measures temperature changes over a 60°C range via energy transfer efficiency.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Chemical Sensing
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Molecular thermometers are crucial for precise temperature measurements in various scientific fields.
  • Developing novel sensing mechanisms with enhanced sensitivity and broad applicability remains an active research area.
  • Calixarene-based systems offer unique structural properties for molecular design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the first macrocycle-based ratiometric molecular thermometer.
  • To exploit the conformational thermosensitivity of a calixarene derivative for temperature sensing.
  • To achieve a wide operating temperature range and high sensitivity.

Main Methods:

  • Functionalization of a calixarene macrocycle with two distinct organic fluorophores.
  • Utilizing the temperature-dependent efficiency of excitation energy transfer (EET) between the fluorophores.
  • Ratiometric analysis of fluorescence signals for temperature determination.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of a ratiometric molecular thermometer based on a functionalized calixarene.
  • Successful operation over a 60 °C-wide temperature range.
  • Achieved a high sensitivity of 4% per degree Celsius.

Conclusions:

  • The developed calixarene-based system represents a novel and effective ratiometric molecular thermometer.
  • The conformational thermosensitivity of the macrocycle, coupled with EET, enables precise temperature sensing.
  • This work opens new avenues for designing advanced molecular thermometers for diverse applications.