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Related Concept Videos

Pain01:20

Pain

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Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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An experiment is a planned activity carried out under controlled conditions. The purpose of an experiment is to investigate the relationship between two variables. When one variable causes change in another, we call the first variable the explanatory or independent variable. The affected variable is called the response or dependent variable. In a randomized experiment, the researcher manipulates values of the explanatory variable and measures the resulting changes in the response variable. The...
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In a beam of charged particles created by a heated cathode, the particles move at different speeds. However, many applications need a beam with uniform particle speeds. An arrangement known as a velocity selector uses electric and magnetic fields to pick particles with a particular speed from the beam.
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When conducting an experiment, it is crucial to have control to reduce bias and accurately measure the dependent variables. It also marks the results more reliable. Controls are elements in an experiment that have the same characteristics as the treatment groups but are not affected by the independent variable. By sorting these data into control and experimental conditions, the relationship between the dependent and independent variables can be drawn. A randomized experiment always includes a...
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Randomized Experiments01:13

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The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
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Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Author Spotlight: Insights into Remotely Supervised Neuromodulation Procedure for Phantom Limb Pain
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Pain vs. comfort diary: A fully remote app-based experiment.

Piotr Gruszka1, Christina Stammen1, Nicolai Bissantz2

  • 1Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.

European Journal of Pain (London, England)
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Summary
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Daily pain diaries effectively reduce pain intensity, contrary to expectations that comfort diaries might be better. Comfort diaries do not appear to be a substitute for pain diaries in clinical practice.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Clinical Research
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Focusing on pain in diaries may negatively impact pain intensity.
  • Alternative methods like comfort ratings are being explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of pain versus comfort diaries on pain intensity recall.
  • To determine if comfort diaries can replace pain diaries.

Main Methods:

  • A 3-week, remote, app-based experiment with daily diary entries.
  • Participants were randomized to rate either pain or comfort.
  • 7-day recall ratings of pain intensity were the primary outcome.

Main Results:

  • Pain diaries led to a greater decrease in pain intensity than comfort diaries.
  • No significant differences were found in secondary outcomes like comfort or mood.
  • Correlations between pain and comfort ratings decreased over time.

Conclusions:

  • Daily pain diaries show beneficial effects on pain trajectories.
  • Comfort diaries are not an effective substitute for pain diaries.
  • Pain diaries should remain a tool in clinical practice.