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The energy stored by a structure and location of matter in space is called potential energy. For instance, raising a kettlebell changes its spatial location and increases its potential energy. Similarly, a stretched rubber band contains potential energy which, under certain conditions, can be converted into other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Visual Outcomes in Cataract Surgery: A Novel Technique to Prevent Posterior Capsular Opacification Through IOL Rotation
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Gremlin is a potential target for posterior capsular opacification.

Bo Ma1, Ruihua Jing1, Jie Liu1

  • 1a Department of Ophthalmology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.

Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)
|June 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Gremlin promotes posterior capsular opacification (PCO) by activating specific cell signaling pathways and inhibiting others. Inhibiting gremlin effectively reduced PCO development in rats and lens capsule EMT.

Keywords:
Gremlinepithelial mesenchymal transitionextracellular matrix synthesisposterior capsular opacification

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is a common complication after cataract surgery.
  • The molecular mechanisms underlying PCO development are not fully understood.
  • Gremlin's role in PCO has not been previously elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of gremlin in the development of PCO.
  • To explore the signaling pathways involved in gremlin-induced PCO.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro and in vivo experiments using human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) and rat PCO models.
  • Western blotting and real-time PCR to analyze signaling pathway activation (BMPs/Smad1/5, MAPK, FAK, AKT).
  • Wound-healing, transwell, capsular bag, and rat PCO models to assess gremlin's effects on HLEC behavior and PCO formation.

Main Results:

  • Gremlin knockdown inhibited PCO development and reduced α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in rats.
  • Gremlin increased p-ERK and p-AKT expression in HLECs but did not affect migration.
  • Gremlin inhibited BMP4-induced p-Smad1/5 and promoted gremlin-induced α-SMA, fibronectin, and COL-1 expression in Smad1/5 knockout HLECs.

Conclusions:

  • Gremlin contributes to PCO by promoting lens epithelial cell proliferation and activating TGF-β/Smad, ERK, and AKT signaling while inhibiting BMPs/Smad1/5 signaling.
  • Inhibiting gremlin effectively reduces PCO development in rats and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the lens capsule.
  • Gremlin represents a potential therapeutic target for PCO.