Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Decreasing Function01:27

Decreasing Function

220
A decreasing function describes a relationship where the output consistently declines as the input increases. This means that for any two input values, if one is greater than the other, the corresponding output is smaller. Mathematically, a function f is decreasing on an interval I if for every x1 < x2​ in I, f (x1) > f (x2). This type of behavior is visually identified on a graph that slopes downward from left to right.The nature of a function can be analyzed by calculating...
220
Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

1.0K
A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
1.0K
Decreased pulse rate01:14

Decreased pulse rate

855
Bradycardia is a medical condition in which the heart rate is slower than normal. It occurs when the heart's natural pacemaker, the sinus node, generates slower electrical impulses than the standard rhythm. In adults, bradycardia is diagnosed when the pulse rate falls below 60 beats per minute, indicating a deviation from the normal heart rate range.
There are specific risk factors that can elevate the likelihood of developing bradycardia. Advanced age is a significant factor, with...
855
Line Loss01:10

Line Loss

517
The different configurations of source-load connections include wye (star) and delta connections. The relationship between line and phase voltages and currents varies depending on the configuration. When the source is supplying power, it is transmitted through the wires to the load, and during this transmission, some power is absorbed by the wires, leading to line loss.
Line loss impacts power delivery efficiency in a balanced three-phase circuit. The symmetry in such a circuit simplifies the...
517
Understanding Consciousness01:23

Understanding Consciousness

1.8K
Consciousness can be defined as the state of being aware of and able to think about one's existence, sensations, and surroundings. It encompasses two major components: awareness and arousal. Awareness pertains to the recognition of environmental stimuli and internal states. At the same time, arousal refers to the physiological readiness to engage with these stimuli, which varies significantly between states like sleep and wakefulness.
Sleep, a crucial state, is characterized by reduced...
1.8K
Reducing Line Loss01:18

Reducing Line Loss

370
In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
With a step-up transformer at the source, the voltage is increased, thereby reducing the current in the transmission lines since power loss in...
370

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Delayed intracranial hemorrhage following deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: illustrative case.

Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons·2026
Same author

Stereotactic Accuracy and Operative Metrics Utilizing the ClearPoint Frameless Intraoperative-CT Image-Based Guidance: A Multi-Institution Analysis.

Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery·2026
Same author

Phantom Quantification of Magnetoencephalography Source Imaging Distortion Caused by Deep Brain Stimulation.

Brain sciences·2026
Same author

Corrigendum to "Revisiting subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for depression: Long-term safety and effectiveness outcomes from a pooled analysis of 172 implanted patients" [Brain Stimul 18 (2025) 1632-1640].

Brain stimulation·2026
Same author

Extending the evidence for Scrambler Therapy to reduce pain in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.

International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England)·2026
Same author

Objective Quantification of Tremor and Gait After Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy: Outcome Variability and Adverse Effects.

Neurosurgery·2026
Same journal

The significance of electrophysiological recordings from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in humans.

Brain : a journal of neurology·2026
Same journal

Fus-depleted oligodendrocytes reduce neuronal damage and Alzheimer's disease progression in the AppNL-G-F mouse.

Brain : a journal of neurology·2026
Same journal

Cervical lymph node biomarkers in neurodegeneration.

Brain : a journal of neurology·2026
Same journal

Lower motor neuron disorders: time for a closer look.

Brain : a journal of neurology·2026
Same journal

Reply: Cervical lymph node biomarkers in neurodegeneration.

Brain : a journal of neurology·2026
Same journal

Propionic acid and neurofilament light chain in multiple sclerosis.

Brain : a journal of neurology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome
08:31

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome

Published on: July 31, 2016

14.4K

Propofol-induced loss of consciousness is associated with a decrease in thalamocortical connectivity in humans.

Mahsa Malekmohammadi1, Collin M Price1, Andrew E Hudson2

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Brain : a Journal of Neurology
|June 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Propofol anesthesia increases alpha power in the thalamus and cortex but decreases thalamocortical connectivity, supporting the theory that disrupted communication causes loss of consciousness.

Keywords:
anaesthesiaelectrophysiologyfunctional connectivitypropofolthalamocortical

More Related Videos

Visualization of Thalamocortical Axon Branching and Synapse Formation in Organotypic Cocultures
06:16

Visualization of Thalamocortical Axon Branching and Synapse Formation in Organotypic Cocultures

Published on: March 28, 2018

6.9K
Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus
09:43

Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus

Published on: April 23, 2014

24.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome
08:31

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome

Published on: July 31, 2016

14.4K
Visualization of Thalamocortical Axon Branching and Synapse Formation in Organotypic Cocultures
06:16

Visualization of Thalamocortical Axon Branching and Synapse Formation in Organotypic Cocultures

Published on: March 28, 2018

6.9K
Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus
09:43

Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus

Published on: April 23, 2014

24.1K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Anesthesiology
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • The network-level mechanisms underlying anesthetic-induced loss of consciousness remain unclear.
  • Electroencephalography studies show altered neural oscillations during propofol anesthesia, with models suggesting changes in thalamocortical functional connectivity.
  • Direct neurophysiological recordings during anesthesia are rare, limiting the validation of these models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate propofol's effects on thalamic and cortical local power and thalamocortical functional connectivity.
  • To determine if neurophysiological changes during propofol anesthesia enhance or disrupt thalamocortical communication.
  • To test the hypothesis that propofol-induced loss of consciousness is associated with disrupted thalamocortical communication.

Main Methods:

  • Recorded local field potentials from the thalamus and electrocorticography from the sensorimotor cortex in 10 patients during propofol anesthesia induction.
  • Confirmed direct structural connectivity between thalamic and cortical recording sites.
  • Analyzed propofol-associated changes in local power, coherence, debiased weighted phase lag index, and phase amplitude coupling.

Main Results:

  • Propofol increased alpha (8-12 Hz) power in both thalamus and cortex, and broadband power (12-100 Hz) in the cortex, while suppressing it in the thalamus.
  • Thalamocortical coherence and debiased weighted phase lag index in alpha/low beta frequencies (8-16 Hz) significantly decreased.
  • Phase amplitude coupling between thalamic alpha/low beta phase and cortical gamma amplitude decreased; slow wave/broadband coupling was observed during anesthesia.

Conclusions:

  • Propofol anesthesia increases local alpha power but decreases thalamocortical functional connectivity.
  • Findings contradict models linking increased cortical low-frequency power to enhanced thalamocortical coherence.
  • Results support the theory that propofol-induced loss of consciousness involves disrupted thalamocortical communication.